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V ■ '\ '\ • ; V ^•"-

B E A Z I L,

THX

HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS:

01^

A PRACTICAL ACCOUOT Qlf imkT THE AUTHOR,

WHO VISITED THAT COTTSHmTy WQR TBB BAMB OBJEXTTS,
SAW AND DID WBlIfB IN ZHA9 SMPIBE.

EEV. BALLAED S. DJINN,

RECTOR OF BT. PHILLIP'S CHURCH, NEW ORLEANS,

UTD LATS OF THB OONFBOBRATX ABMT.

\ NEW YORK:

I GEORGE B. RIOHARDSON",

! 640 BROADWAY.

i —

I BLOOMFIELD & STEEL,

NEW ORLEANS.

1866.

Entered, according to Act of Gongreee, in the year 1866, by

JOHN F. TEOW & CO.

In the CIerk'« Office of the District Court for the Southern District of

New York.

325815

> ■» • »•,#«.

;'^ ^ ' - / . ; ; " :-. /•• ^'\ ' -;

• • t m • * m *('-••• ••#

PREFACE.

This little book lays no claim to literary merit.
It is a plain, true story, for honest, tmie people. It
is written for such Southerners as are seriously con-
templating expatriation, from manly motives No
attempt has been made, at giving reasons^ why any
should leave this country. If those into virhose
hands it may fall, have not already good, and suf-
ficient reasons, for quitting the United States, I
should be the last to furnish anything of that
nature. On the contrary, if any simply propose to
themselves to seek a coimtry virhere they can ac-
cumulate more rapidly, the first advice I should
venture, would be, that they should remain where
they are. Not that I believe they could not improve
their pecimiary condition by emigrating to Brazil,
but because this is an unworthy motive from which
to leave one's country.

And, to be right candid with such, we '

11 PREFACE.

not desire them. If they have no higher, nobler,
more painful motive than this, and only flee
now from the federal tax-gatherer ; it would not
be difficult to trace them back, and identify them
with that class who failed in their duty; who
shrunk from sacrifices, when sacrificing might have
availed. Such men are not good members of so-
ciety, and therefore not desirable in the community
we hope to establish.

Nor is this a book that has anything to say
about the constitootional amendment : it cannot
then reasonably be expected that it will sud-
denly become very popidar liter atoor, among the
politico-religionists of the North, any more than
with the professional politicians of the South.

AU of this, too, from the same cause. For these
two glorious fraternities have at last met on the
same platform. And what seems singular, is the
fact, that a platform which is expected to bear up
so many, and those, too, upon whose shoulders rest
the future glory and vastness of the republic, should
have but one plank : and that the doubtful one, of
the meekness, long suffering, pusillanimous cow-
ardice, and great facility in belying their entire
history, on the part of the South; while they
make the welkin ring with hosannas for the con-
quering North ; and evince the greatest degree of

PREFACE. Ill

obsequious readiness to do anything they are bid,
by the all-powerfal, all-glorious, all- wise, unappeas-
able.

This platform is adopted by the politico-re-
ligionists, alias, radicals ; because it is agreeable to
their feelings, and in accordance with their senti-
ments and antecedents : they, being the " Saints of
the Lord," have a right to triumph over their fallen
enemies. It is adopted by Southern politicians, be-
cause they believe that nothing short of the absolute
degradation and infamy of the Southern people,
voluntarily taken upon themselves, can ever give
them office again, and companionship with those
they woo so affectionately.

I have met many Southern office seekers, since
my return, and I hope I may be pardoned, if I at-
tempt to invent a comparison, that will illustrate,
somewhat, my idea of their* physical appearance, and
moral condition. If you^ can conceive of a gang of
old hyenas, that have been kept for four years in
cages, upon half rations of green persimmons, and
poked up, daily, by a lot of mischievous boys, with
sharp sticks (no allusion to bayonets), suddenly
calming down; and then attempting, with great
earnestness, to look sweet, and amiable, and dove-
like ; and even evincing a disposition to caress the
dear boys (radicals) that poked them, you have an

IV PREFACE.

illustration of what lias happened. But the camive-
rous instincts of the animal will appear. They may
point to the persimmon stain, as evidence that they
are not men eaters, but it is no go. The hyena will
out Consequently, the dear boys decline the
caresses.

New York, Oct. 6, 1866.

» m <

BRA2 I D.

CHAPTER I.

OUE PRESENT CONDITIOlSr IN THE SOUTH,

When the moming light begins to dawn, after
a long night of sorrowing anxiety and watching, its
first beams are grateful to our eyes, even though
they find us heart-riven mourners, weeping over aU
that remains of a loved one gone before. And, as
time flows onward, and the rolling seasons bring
again bright, beautiful Eaater, with its vernal
flowers, sweet emblems of the resurrection, we learn
how to heed the voice of inspiration, and " mourn,
not as those without hope." But alas! not so
with our political condition in the South! The
gloomy night of sorrow, and of death, has been
lengthened out to four long and bloody years. The
weary watchers who have fallen asleep, to wake no

4 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

more, this side the judgment day, are numbered by
hundreds of thousands.

The lurid morning that struggles, and alternates
between darkness and dawning, bewildering, and
disheartening indeed, can,,aj^ Ibest',* promise a day
little better than the, nigM. v ' '

When this is' so: -partent, to all who view our

present -Oosidi^^ion ' in the broad light of history,

« ' • * •

ph^U aily Southerner be blamed, if he seeks a land
*•,; '^h^re the night of vengeance has not come, that his
day may not be one of threatening ? Why should
he ? For, as surely as that these four years of dis-
astrous war have left most of those who have been
true to themselves and their ancestors penniless,
homeless, despoiled, and bereaved, so surely the
future, with its cumbrous disabilities, and fearful
forebodings, promises nothing better than poverty
and humiliation : with no guarantee that worse,
even, than these may not befall. The late scenes at
Memphis and New Orleans, with many others, of
like character, throughout the South, not permitted
to find their way into the public prints, are but
the precursors of those awful anarchical struggles
V that precede all radical changes in governments
that have grown suddenly great, powerful, and un-
scrupulous : whose greatness and power, because
wicked and corrupt, end in self-destruction. Those

OUB PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 5

who oppress you, are energetic, aggressive, ambi-
tious, and ravenous. In them you see foulness of
life, and cruelty of policy, methodized into a sys-
tem ; consecrated by their religion ; and these must
be gratified ; peacefully, and unresisted if possible,
violently, and with the sword, if necessary. The
power that now holds you, like so many captives,
bound to the stake, while it decides, as barbarians
have done before, whether it is better to bum, flay
alive, or release ; while we see in it none of the
elements of permanency, or stability, is appalling
enough ; in the hands of such as are sufficiently vig-
orous and unscrupulous to set it in motion. Then -
why shoidd we remain in a country, where we find
that there is neither present, nor prospective, secu-
rity, for life, Hberty and property ? Where we are
painfully conscious of the fact, that our chiefest
privilege is, to pay exorbitant taxes, to meet the
demands of the debt incurred in our subjugation ;
and to pay the enhanced salaries of those who have
grown glorious by butchering our kindred, de-
stroying our cities and towns, our fields and fire-
sides ; and insulting our women, as they robbed,
and turned them, and our little ones, out into the
storm and night l^ Some counsel us to stand our
ground ; to stick to the soil that gave us birth, and
root them out.

6 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

If the little mouse, with her helpless family
plowed up in midwinter, with all her darlings cut
in twain, by the cruel ploughshare ; and one of her
own limbs severed from her benumbed, and en-
feebled body, should say to herself, " I'll stand my
ground, and to-morrow, when he comes to plough
again, I'll bite his horse's hoofs, and drive him
away ; " it would be about as sensible^ and about as
hopeful of results, as this rooting policy which many
propose. It sounds very absurd, after having laid
down our arms, and taken a solemn parole to use
them no more, only to find no abatement of the
malignity of th^se who style the victors conquerors,
for sane persons to talk about rooting them out. As
well might you expect the feeble Texas cow-boy, who
stalks vacantly after his ureasoning herd, would
put forth his irresolute arm, bind the icy pinions of
the furious north wind, that blights his native
plains, remanding him back to the snowy cliffs from
whence he came, with a " peace be still ; " as to
imagine that your time-serving resolutions, pro-
claimed at cross-road political meetings, or your
coalescent conventions, inaugurated for the purpose
of training and managing politicians, in whoni you,
yourselves, have * no confidence, whom the world
justly despises, will stay the rapacity, or mitigate
the cruelty, of those who wrought your ruin.

OUR PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 7

No, indeed I I have no confidence in the swinish
drill, as a means of restoration and redemption.
You may pass resolutions until you exhaust the
prolific fountain of political falsehood and deception ;
and root, tiU you wear you noses off, and then find
yourselves about as happy, and successful, as the
individual who severed the same member to " spite
his face."

The rooting army, who are just beginning to
discover how valiantly patriotic they are, invariably
inform you, after announcing their tactics, that there
is a great deal of good feeling growing up between
the Northern people, and the Southern people. To
prove that such is the fact, they will tell you that
they heard such and such a Northern general speak,
in terms of admiration, of Stonewall Jackson, and
of General Lee's military genius. Thi» indicates
the vnode in which they would be pleased to carry
on tiis undermining warfare.

The first grand consideration is, to have it as free
from danger as may be; for the rank and file, of this
noble army, are generally such as kept out of harm's
way ; therefore, they are pleased to see these tokens
of friendship, passing, and repassing.

Gallant, but peaceful scavenger-warriors, you
must excuse me ; for I tell you frankly, that I have
as little confidence in the sincerity of these hollow

8 BRAZIL 'THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

compliments, as I have in your proposed mode of
. getting back our lost rights.

When I travel through the North, where we
are apt to hear such compliments, in the offering of
which, the mental reservation contains the very life
principle, and guiding star of those who thus at-
tempt to deceive for a purpose, which purpose is
private gain; and am entertained, by paying for
more than I receive, upon substance taken, very
likely, by violence, from my native State, by those
who enjoy the felicity of having discovered that
theft is no crime ; murder not reprehensible ; and
that which is worse than murder, the peculiar pre-
rogative of the patriotic : hear, perhaps, the familiar
tones of the identical piano, over whose keys once
swept, with magic power, the taper fingers of my
own loved cousins, tortured by the clumsy paws of
one who never could have been mistress of such an
instrument, but for the fortunes of war ; see, pos-
sibly, upon the shelves of a Massachusetts cobbler,
the choice volumes of a Southern gentleman's libra-
ry ; or hear the harsh voice of a New England auc-
tioneer, crying off, to the highest bidder, the rare
paintings of the first masters, the accumulations of
years of judiciously exercised taste, (stolen from the
same Southern homes, from whence came the silver
plate, which, though shipped by tyrants high in

OPE PBESEST CONDmOS IS THE SOCTU.

rank, it was deemed expedient that it sliould go aa
" soiled linen ; " ) I am forcibly reminded of the
feble of the lion, who was entertained by the man.
Mr. Lion had the nm of the palace, in which there
were many things to be admired. There were lai'ge
saloons, and long corriders, ricldy furnished an(
decorated, and filled with a profusion of fine
mens of sculpture and paintings, the works of tl
finest artists. The subjects represented were vari-
ous, but tlie most prominent of them all, had an.
especial interest for the noble animal that stalked
by them. It was that of the lion himself; and as
the oWTier of the mansion led him from one apm"t-
ment into another, he did not fail to direct his at-
tention to the indirect homage these various groups
and tableaux, paid to the importance of the lion
tribe. There was, however, one remarkable feature
in all of them, upon which the host was silent;
which was, that diverse as were these repreaenta^
tions, there was one point in which they all agreed.
It was this. The man was al^vays victorious, the
lion always overcome The man had it all his own
way, and the lion was but a fool, to make him sport.
There were exquisite works in marble, of Samson
rending the lion like a kid ; and young David tak-
ing the liou by the beard and choking him.

There was the man who ran his arm down th(

10 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Bon's tbi'oat, and held him fast by the tongue ; and
there was that other, who, when carried ojff in his
teeth, contrived to pull a knife from his pocket, and
lodge it in the heart of the monster. Then there
was a lion hunt, or what had been such ; for the
brute was rolling round in the agonies of death, and
his conqueror, on his bleeding horse, was surveying
him at a safe distance.

There was a gladiator from a Roman amphi-
theatre, in mortal struggle with his powerful foe,
but it was plain who was getting the mastery.
There was a lion in a net, and a lion in a trap ; four
lions, yoked in harness, were drawing the car of a
Roman Emperor: and elsewhere stood Hercules,
clad in the lion's skin. Nor was this all. The lion
was not only triumphed over, mocked, and derided ;
but he was tortured into extravagant forms, as if
he were not only the creature and menial of man,
but the work of man's creation. He became an
artist's decoration, and an heraldic emblazonment.
The feet of alabaster tables fell away into lions'
paws ; lions' faces grinned on each side the shining
mantle - piece ; and lions' mouths held tight the
handles of the dooiu There were sphinxes, too,
half lion and half woman ; there were lions rampant,
holding flags ; lions couchant, lions passant, lions
regardant; lions and unicorns; there were lions

OUB PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 11

white, lions black, and lions red« In short, there
was no variety of misconception and indignity
which was thought too great to put upon the
lord of the forest, and the king of beasts. After
he had gone over the mansion, his entertainer
asked him what he thought of the splendors it con-
tained : and the lion, in return, did full justice to
the riches of its owner, and the skill of its decora-
tors, but he added ; " Lions had fared better, had
lions been the artists." The appUcation is obvious.
The Southerner who reads the accounts of the
great battles that have been fought, which are now
passing into permanent history, and has access to a
file of Northern pictorials ; finds himself depicted as
a powerful, dangerous, warlike beast of prey ; but
always vanquished; always overcome; always
humbled ; and then caricatured, by the bom citi-
zens of the Union : most of whom, however, when
they came in contact with us on the field of battle,
or fell into our hands as prisoners of war, managed
to speak a foreign language. To me, the deceitful,
hypocritical, cunning devices, employed by the cow-
**^y> grasping puritan, to enable him to reap, with-
out danger, the fruits of a victory won by others,
are worse than mockery. And when they urge me
to forget the past, that we may all be brethern to-
gether, my sense of justice teaches me that there

12 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

should be a corresponding relaxation, in good
faith, on their part. I feel that I ought at least, to
be permitted to mark the resting-place of my poor
dead brother, or my Bishop, with a monument that,
while it sings not of victory, nor defeat, would be
in some measure, a testimonial of my appreciation
of his merits as a man, and a Christian.

No, indeed ! when I am asked tb forget the thou-
sand instances in which the strong arm upon which
the weak leaned, the warm heart in which they con-
fided, and the clear head to which they trusted to
carry them through, are now stilled in death ; and
to credit fiction, that I know to be basely false, and
an insult to High Heaven, my answer is, no, never.
For though they be dead, and buried, without
winding sheet, other than their tattered uniforms ;
without requiem, other than the fierce rattle of
musketry, the roar of artillery, and the fearfal crash
of bursting shells, they shall not be forgotten..
Though they moulder now, in yonder shapeless
mounds of blood-stained earth, the unsung heroes
of a fruitless struggle ; sadly misrepresented on the
distorted page of history ; yet shall they live in onr
hearts, till life and memory perish. And then,
when we are about to follow them, we will charge
our little ones to continue to honor and revere the
memory of the heroic dead. And we will continue

OUB PRESENT CONDITION IN THE SOUTH. 13

to pray for those noble leaders, who languish stDl
in prison, uncondemned, or falsely condemned; ask-
ing the great and good God, to "give them a happy
issue out of aU their afliictions,"

CHAPTER II.

OONFLICTTNG STATEMENTS CONSIDERED.

It will be very natural for home-folks to ask,
" How are we to harmonize the accounts jj^f those who
return from' Brazil, abusing the country", and the in-
habitants ; and confidently asserting, that it is not
suitable, nor desirable for Southerners ; with the
enthusiastic descriptions of those who return for
their friends, and are actively preparing to adopt
thajf^ country as their home ? "

The best answer to this question, and the one
most likely to do all parties justice, will be to relate
once more, the fable of the two Kjiights, who
fought, each for the truth of what he saw with his
own eyes, and because his report was contradicted
by the other. They met at a monument, one on
either side. The first speaker was eztravWant in
his praise of the gold work on the shield of the
warrior engraven upon the monument. The second
was equally enthusiastic in his admiration, but as-

CONFUOnNG STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 15

serted that it w^ silver. Upon this issue they
fought, furiously, until both were severely wounded,
and unhorsed : when each, falling upon the ground
occupied by his antagonist when the contest began,
looked up, and saw that the shield was gold on
one side, and silver on the other. So that both had
been right, and both wrong. But unlike the report
of the Knights in this fable, the data upon which
these conflicting statements are made are not equal-
ly good, nor equally coextensive with the subject in
dispute.

Let us examine, first, the travelling record of the
bearer of bad news. He shall be Sir Knight of the
golden side. This individual has made the most of
the privileges generally accorded to such messengers
in well regulated society ; in that he speaks first,
keeps on speaking, and is encouraged to cont^iue,
by his applauding hearers, who are generally such
as " knew the horse would eat up the grind-stone." •

Sir Knight of the golden side', being a gentle-
man of elegant leisure, and in no danger of prose-
cution, as he had never raised a finger against the
" best government," took care to wait long enough,
after the " break up " in the South, to find the rail-
roads leading to New York repaired, and a com-
fortable line of steamers established between that
city and Rio de Janiero, upon one of which he em-

16 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

barked, vowing and declaring that the land of the
Southern Cross, and of tropical fruits, should be his
home for the future. On board this steamer, he is
sure to find some one who is willing to give him
information as to whom he had better apply for
further information, on reaching Brazil. According-
ly, he takes his new friend's advice ; and on reach-
ing the Brazilian capital, goes straight to Mr. Shy-
lock, deposits his gold, gets some small currency
for convenience, and then, Mr. Shylock, who com-
bines in himself many avocations, being real estate
broker, house-to-let agent, boarding house runner,
with various other profitable employments, soon
fits him out with a house, if he has his family along,
and wishes to keep house ; or directs him to a proper
place to board. At every turn, the desired inform-
ation pours in upon him, and additional parties are
indicated, who are capable of giving more. So that
the new comer soon finds himself surrounded by the
warmest kind of friends ; who all concur in depre-
cating the unfortunate move that brought him and
his interesting family, for a mere political pique,
from a country so great and prosperous as the
United States, to one so insignificant and treacher-
ous as Brazn. They will even startle his astonished
and indignant imagination by roundly asserting,
that .there is not a man in the Empire they cannot

CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 17

buy : that everything goes by favoritism, bribery,
fraud, and rascality : and as for the government
keeping faith with anybody, that is simply absurd.
They continue their discourse something like the
following : " Besides, you Southerners are an agri-
cultural people : you do not wish to settle in any
country where the land is so wretchedly poor as you
see these barren hills are ; and so steep, too, that a
goat can scarcely keep his footing.- What you see,
is a sample of the whole." Then they conclude by
advising Sir Knight of the golden side to take a
run out on the Dom Pedro Segunda Railroad, that
he may see for himself, that all they have told him
is verity and truth. Overwhelmed with their dis-
interested friendship, and thoroughly convinced of
their wisdom, and the matchless manner in which
they state the whole case, he can do no less than
take their advice to the letter. So ojff he goes, with
the view of verifying what he already religiously
believes. Full twelve hours have elapsed, when he
returns, filled with indignation against Brazil, and
the Brazilians. The land is as poor as poverty, for
he has seen it with his own eyes. The people are
depraved, and debauched in morals, as well as dis-
eased and decrepid in body. Henceforward, until
he is ready to return to the United States, he walks
the streets of Rio de Janiero, with head erect, chest

18 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

tlirown forward, shoulders backward, toes out-
ward ; with a movement of his magnificent person
so majestic, that the simple-minded might easily
conclude that Dom Pedro the Second had been de-
posed, and that he. Sir Knight of the golden side,
had been elected to the throne, and only awaited
the day of his coronation.

Constantine the Great was not more self-gratula-
tory, when he saw his dream confirmed by the sign
in the heavens, and the sign proved favorable, by
his signal victory, than our noble explorer is, to
find that the report of his warmly attached friends
is literally true : for the country is sterile, along
that line of Railroad, beyond a doubt.

Mr. Shylock is now paid for the rent of the
house, upon which he receives a commission, of
course : and Mr* Shylcock is employed to procure
passports, &c., all of which " cost, infernally."

" Well, no matter ; go on and get them, for they
will be the last I will pay the thieving scoundrels
for." While Mr. Shylock works the ropes, our
honest, indignant traveller is engaged in procuring
a few curiosities ; such as beetles, set in pinchbeck
jeweli^y ; perhaps a monkey, or a parrot. While
engaged in these weighty duties, in the midst of
the vexatious perplexities consequent upon one man
undertaking to accomplish so much ; the side-walks

CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. IM

of the principal streets being narrow, and our hero
lai^e and portly, lo ! he is jostled, by a Brazilian
citizen of Afi-ican descent ; ■who presumes to apolo-
gize, by raising his hat, and moving politely on.
He has scarcely recovered from this rude shock of
free-negroism, when he espies, at the very nertJ
comer, a man, apparently white, conversing upon,
terms of perfect equality, with another citizen of thel
same extraction, as black as can be. Here ia proo^l
positive, of the existence of that hateful thiug, '
gro equality,' of which his dear sympathetic friends,
Shylock and Gro-between, have given him so many
harrowing accounts.. In the midst of his burning J
indignation, he forgets the numerous thefts, rapes, f
and murders, committed by North American citi-
zens, descended fi-om the same stock, officered by
some of the loyal relations of his loving friend Go-
between, in his own native State. He forgets how
many of the ladies of the South have been violated ;
and how many refined ladies have been whipped,
and seonrged, by ladies and gentlemen of color ;
protected by those who had the power to have pre-
vented such bmtal outrages. He forgets those in-J
stances in which ladies have been tied before a slow
fire, and their feet roasted, to make them disclose
the hiding place of the little purse of gold, until the
once lithe, and happy creatures, are now club-footed _

an.

of I

20 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

and toeless. He does not remember how his own
sisters are afraid to venture out to take an evening
walk, lest they should encounter a band of colored
marauders, with arms in their hands.

Oh no ! He does not remember the pathetic ac-
count he gave of all these terrible things, a short
time since ; for he is now chiefly anxious to return
to " the land of the free, and the home of the brave."

In Brazil, where the government is stable, the
laws equitable and just ; where the smallest infrac-
tions of law are inevitably punished ; where the in-
habitants are so peaceful and honest, that he has not
found it necessary to turn a key, to secure his val-
uables (imtil recently, some enterprising North
American thieves were discovered to be about, and
notice was given by the police to hotel keepers to
lock up, until they could be caught), he has taken
fright at " negro equality ; " and proposes to mend
the matter, by returning to the land where negro
superiority is just now a prevailing mania.

But amid aU these disgusting things, he does
not forget to note carefully down the valuable in-
formation he has obtained ; together with Mr. Shy-
lock's and Mr. Go-between's opinion, as to the pre.
cise period, in the immediate future, when the in.
stitution of slavery in Brazil will cease to exist,
and the effete empire become a republic. These

OONFLIGTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED.

last are important, for lie intends to talk, and wiii
prodigiously on his return.

In all this fascinating intercourse, these affc
tionate attentions, wonderful discoveries, and un^
erring predictions as to the future of Brazil, therfl;
is one thing that has escaped the notice of our
mighty investigator. Strange, too, that anything
should escape one so erudite, so astute, and so bent
upon having " the truth, the whole truth, and nothing
but the truth," But it is even eo. The thing was
overlooked, or neglected ; and the unfortunate re-
port has gone forth, which might have had a very
different ring, if this one little question had been
put, at the proper time, followed up by a few
others, that naturally appertain to the subject. It is
this: "Why do you, Mr. Sbylock,and you, Mr. Go-
between, remain in this doomed, and doubly ao-
.cursed countiy ? You were not born here ; and you
have both informed me that you are not citizens,
and never intend to become citizens. And how is
it that you ai-e able to send such large sums of
money out of the Empii-e ? If I recollect rightly,
you have both informed me, in oui- delightful ioter-
oourse, that you were poor men when you came
lierfe. One of you was a carpenter and joiner, with-
out the tools to ply your avocation, or the means to
purchase the same : no, not even a second suit of

I
I

22 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

clothes. And yet you inform me, that as tune rolled
on, and your daughters grew up around you, one
of them was married ; and the wedding was de-
scribed, by a correspondent of a Philadelphia paper,
as ' marriage in high life.' You have entertained
me, most graciously, in your own private residences,
which might easUy be mistaken for palaces. How
did you manage to procure them in this poor, bar-
ren, God-forsaken region? Besides, you have in-
formed me that the beastly inhabitants are so
abominably lazy, that they never pretend to work.
How, then, comes it to pass that Brazil is able to
carry on such an immense commerce, chiefly in
exports ? "

If Mr. Shylock, who claims to be a British sub*
ject, and Mr. Go-between, who is a Brother Jona-
than, would answer truly, they would be obliged
to say : We remain in Brazil, because the country
has a delightful climate, inexhaustible sources x>{
wealth, is extremely healthy, and well governed':
but chiefly, because it gives us better facilities for
Miassing fortunes than any other; at the same
time, ample protection " for life, liberty, and proper-
ty." And because the Brazilians are so good natured,
and amiable, that they are willing to allow us any
price for doing their dirty work. Much of our gains
comes easily into our hands, by fleecing green-horns,

CONFLICTING STATEMENTS OONSIDEREB. 23

like yourself: we do not become citizens, because
that would entail upon us duties, which we prefer to
avoid : and it might happen, that in some of our sharp
practice, we should be caught, in which event, our
governments are powerful, and their representatives
at this court, if properly approached, would no
doubt interfere, and make sufficient noise to prevent
our being punished. And to sum up: we do not
want your poor, half starved, gutted, despoiled, but
energetic Southerners to come here: for we can
easily foresee, that in a few years you will divide
with us what we consider a good thing : therefore,
we have arranged this whole affair, beginning away
back yonder in New York, with a view to keep you
out of the country, and at the same time, cause you
to give it a bad name, which will keep youi' coun-
trymen away : while you are so honest and sincere,
in believing the falsehood you propagate, that, like
your prototype, who fought to establish the fact
that the shield was all gold, when it was half
silver, you will expend much gas, a little money,
and a great deal of paper and ink, to prove that
Brazil is all poor, when it is, in reality, nearly all
ricL This you would certainly do, if we did not
now undeceive you, by this honest confession of
ours : all of which goes to prove how easy a thing
it is to deceive and befog the self sufficient, self-im.

24 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

portant, self-conceited, lazy man, who is neither
competent, nor willing, to investigate for himself;
but quite ready to make a big noise, and send up
a terrible report^ by means of borrowed thunder.
And, should he reach home, in his newly axjquired
character, of a full-fledged author and tourist, with-
out strutting his brains out, will astonish the ig-
norant, amuse the cultivated, and cause the prudent
to resolve to ' bear those ills we have, than fly to
others that we know not of.' "

Come, Sir Knight, of the Silver side ; give us
the results of your investigations, and an account
of the manner in which you performed the same.
You seem to be aSeuthron bom : and judging from
the bronze on your cheeks, the furrows upon your
brow, and the premature streaks of gray that stray
through your locks, you have seen service. Yes, I
was there at the beginning, in the middle scene, and
at the finale. I was present at that last memorable
roll-call, to take my parole, and that terrible oath,
administered in the peculiar dialect of New Eng-
land, which gives to the letter " r " such a strange
nasal twang ; of late, so harsh, and disagreeable to
the ear of a Southern gentleman. That oath of al-
legiance — which caused my heart to swell and ache,
as doubtless the hearts of Christian martyrs do,
when bound to the stake — ^I put into my pocket ;

OOmPLIOTING STATEMENTS OOKSIDEBED. 25

resolved to keep it, inviolate, until cancelled by
another, voluntarily taken, to a government more
in keeping with my wishes. After procuring per-
mission to travel, from my new masters, I made the
best of my way to the nearest port ; and was thank-
ful to find the little Schooner Valiant up for Rio
de Janeiro. The captain, who was a kind, good
soul, did not scrutinize my seedy gray very closely,
nor ask me any disagreeable questions : but received
me on board, abating somewhat the regular fiare, in
consequence of the smaUness of my purse.

After sixty days of buffeting with the waves,
our little craft entered the matchless harbor of Rio
de Janiero. Here I brushed and cleaned my very
best, and only suit, and with a heart still aching,
but resolved to try, sought the best means of ob-
taining an interview with the proper official to en-
courage, or dishearten. I was soon able to reach His
excellency Paula Souza, then Minister of Agricul-
tural who received me more like a Mend and equal
than my shabby appearance would seem to warrant
me in expecting. He bade me accept the hospitali-
ty of the Empire, and freely state my wishes. Here
I was thrown quite off my balance : for the warmth
and brotherly feeling he manifested for our hapless
condition, rendered my carefully prepared speech,
altogether too cold and formal: so that I was

26 BRAZIL THE HOMS FOR SOUTHERNERS.

obliged to extemporize from first to last. I suc-
ceeded, however, in making him understand that I
wished to examine into the Brazilian system of gov-
ernment, with a view to becoming a citizen, and of
obtaining the privilege of forming a compact settle-
ment of my countrymen, should things prove fevor-
able. "Certainly," said he, "I will famish you v^ith
free transit to any part of the Empire you wish to
examine; and with an engineer and interpreter,
who wiU see that your joumeyings cost you noth-
ing." These were such words of encouragement,
and offers of assistance, as I was not prepared to
expect. A transition so sudden, from my floating
grave, which had brought me from the bleak field
of battle, where the roar of artillery, the greeting
of piercing bullets, rending bayonets, and gashing
sabres, had taught me hardness, to the genial smi-
shine of generous friendliness, offered by a minister
of State, had a singular effect, and I was foolish
enough to shed tears. No time was lost, however,
in getting ready for the contemplated tour. We
were off, in a few days, into the northern provinces
of Brazil, where we found lands too dear, and in
bodies too small to suit our purpose. At every
point, we were received in the genuine spirit of
hospitality. Some of our entertainments were
upon a scale, equally, if not more magnificent than

CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 27

anything of the kind I had ever witnessed. In some
of these palatial residences, I saw plate which, while
it was more massive than any I had ever seen, re-
minded me sadly of the dear old heirloom silver,
which my darling sister wrote me, long before the
surrender, had been torn from her own, and our
poor feeble mother's hands, by the gallant officers
and men, who finally succeeded, through the as-
sistance of Europe, and Africa, in overrunning and
crushing my native South.. After some two months
of travel in the magnificent coffee regions of North
Brazil, and being entertained frequently at fazen-
das, where the annual income ranges from fifty to
one hundred thousand dollars, I returned to the cap-
ital, and told His Excellency, the Minister of Agri-
cultura, that while the immense country I had
traversed was rich, healthftil, and beautiful beyond
my powers of description ; I had found no body of
land that was cheap enough, or sufficiently extensive,
to suit our people, as many as would probably wish
to settle together.

" Very well," said he, " would you like to go
South, or into the interior ? " As I had heard some-
thing of the richness of the lands in the province of
San Paulo, I asked to go South, that I might ex-
amine there. After a few days of preparation, we were
off again, and steering southw^d, soon found a de-

28 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

licions climate, a most romantic, thoroughly rich,
and beautiful country.

In two months of travel more, I found a region
surpassing anything I had expected to find. And,
what was of greatest interest to me, most of the land
was yet the property of the Imperial government.
I here selected, and located, a tract sufficiently large
for all of my friends : returned to Rio de Janiero,
took out my patent of naturalization, which was
given by special act of the chambers, then in session,
and decree of the Emperor. I also received a pro-
visional title to the land, with authority to regulate
its occupancy, according to the wishes of myself and
friends.

I now entered into some special arrangements
with the government, with the view of aiding
indigent persons, of good character, in emigrating to
Brazil ; in all of which transactions I acted with an
eye single to the best interests of my friends. But
judge of my surprise, on being introduced to Sir
Knight of the golden side, and other inferior
Knights, who had found their way to. the capital,
but no further, at being informed, that my work
was all imconstitutional : that the Minister of Agri-
cultura, although acting under explicit instructions
from our large-hearted monarch, had transcended his
authority in the aiTangements he had entered into

CONFLICTING STATEMENTS CONSIDERED. 29

Witt myself; therefore my contracts and conces-
sions were null and void. For all of this, I was
exceedingly sorrowfiil. But when Mr. Shylock, and
Mr. Go-between, who are both constitutional law-
yers, were quoted to prove that such was the fact ;
I coald, of course, have nothing to say. However,
after mature reflection, I have concluded to let my
Emperor, and his Ministers of State, take the respon-
sibility of violating the constitution : and I have
returned, for the purpose of assisting my friends to
emigrate to Brazil

Sir Knight of the Golden Side says the Empire
of Brazil is all poor, because his admirable friends and
benefactors, Mr. Shylock, and Mr. Go-between, have
told him so : while I, Sir Knight of the Silver Side,
do assert, most positively, because I have seen it
with mine own eyes, that a very large proportion
of Brazil, is . immensely rich : and large enough to
contain ten such populations as now inhabit the
United States, without being too densely peopled.
You have the record of each, and the diverse stories
that we relate : as also the " reasons for the hope
that is in us." Harmonize, if you will; believe both,
if you can.

CHAPTER III.

THE GOVERNMENT, THE CONSTITUTION, AND TK&

LANaUAGE SPOKEN.

The most direct and satisfactory mode of arriv-
ing at a correct imderstanding of the cliarad;er of a
government, is to examine into its organic law;
comparing this with the constitutions of other
countries, of which we know something ; and then
inform ourselves as to whether the Constitution is
held sacred by the ruling sovereign, and whether
the laws enacted by the legislature, and enforced
by the people, are in accordance with the same.

To this end, I will here give an abstract of the
Brazilian constitution, and a brief account of the
estimation in which it is held by the present Em-
peror, the legislative bodies, and the great mass of
the people.

It was my intention to have printed this admi-
rable instrument of government entire ; but lack of .
spaxje must be my apology for offering the foUowing

THE GOVEBNUEm'. ETC. 81

ABSTRACT

OP THE BRAZILIAN CONSTITUTION,

Sworn to on the 25th of March^ 1824, and revised in 1834.

(1) Brazil is declared an Independent Empire,
and its Government Monarchial, Constitutional, and
Representative. (2) The Reigning Dynasty is to
"be Dom Pedro L and his successors. (3) The
Roman Catholic religion is constituted that of the
State ; but the exercise of all others is permitted.
(4) The unrestricted communication of thought, eith-
er by means of words, writings, or the agency of the
press, exempt from censure, is guaranteed : with the
condition that all who abuse this privilege
shall become amenable to the law. (5) A guar-
antee foxmded on the principles of the English
Habeas Corpus Act. (6) The privileges of citizen-
ship are extended to all free natives of Brazil, to all
Portuguese resident there from the time of the In-
dependence, and to all naturalized strangers. (7)
The law is declared equal to all ; aU are liable to
taxation in proportion to their possessions. (8)
The highest offices of the State are all laid open to
every citizen ; and all privileges, excepting those of
office, abolished. (9) The political powers ac-
knowledged by the Constitution are the Legislative,

32 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

the Moderative, the Executive, and the Judicial ;
all of which are acknowledged as delegations from
the nation. (10) It is declared that the General
Assembly shall consist of two chambers: the
Chamber of Deputies are to hold their office for
four years only ; the Senators are appointed for life
(11) The especial attributes of the Assembly are
to administer the oaths to the Emperor, the Im-
perial Prince, the Regent, or the Regency ; to elect
the Regent or Regency, and to fix the limits of his
or their authority ; to acknowledge the Imperial
Prince as successor to the throne, on the first meet-
ing after his birth ; to nominate the guardian of the
young Emperor in case such guardian has not been
named in the parental testament ; to resolve all
doubts relative to the succession on the death of the
Emperor or vacancy of the throne ; to examine into
the past administration, and to reform its abuses ;
to elect a new dynasty in case of the extinction of
the reigning family ; to pass laws, and also to inter-
pret, suspend, and revoke them ; to guard the Con-
stitution, and to promote the welfare of the nation ;
to fix the public expenditui'e and taxes ; to appoint
the marine and land forces annually upon the report
of the Government ; to concede, or reftise, the entry
of foreign forces within the Empire ; to authorize
the Government to contract loans to establish means

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 33

for the payment of the public debt ; to regulate the
administration of national property and decree its
alienation ; to create or suppress public offices, and
to fix the stipend to be allotted to them ; and, lastly,
to determine the weight, value, inscription, type,
and denomination of the coinage.

(12) During the term of their office, the mem-
bers of both Houses are alike exempted from arrest,
unless by the authority of their respective Cham-
bers, or when seized in the comniission of a capital
offence. For the opinions uttered during the exer-
cise of their functions, they are inviolable. (13) All
measures for the levying of imposts and military
enrolment, the choice of a new dynasty in case of
the extinction of the existing one, the examination
of the acts of the past administration, and the ac-
cusation of Ministers, and of Councillors of State,
are required to have their origin with the House
of Deputies.. For the idemnification of its members,
it is decided that a pecuniary remuneration shall
be allotted to each during the period of the sessions.
(14) The number of the Senators is fixed at one-
half that of the Deputies, and the members are re-
quired to be upwards of forty years of age, and to
be in actual possession of an income amounting to
at least eight hundred milreis per annum. (15) It
is their exclusive attribute to take cognizance of the

34 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

individual crimes committed by tte members of the
Imperial Family, Ministers, or Comicillors of State,
as weU as of the crimes of Deputies during the
period of the Legislature. Their annual stipend is
fixed at fifty per cent, more than that of the
Deputies.

(16) The Members of both Chambers are to be
chosen by Provincial Electors, who are themselves
to be elected by universal suffrage, — ^in which only
minors, monks, domestics, and individuals not in
the receipt of one hundred milreis per annum, are
excluded from voting. (17) The Senators are nom-
inated by the Provincial Electors in triple lists,
from which three candidates the Emperor selects*
one, who holds office for life. (19) Each Chamber
is qualified with powers for the proposition, op
position, and approval of projects of law. In case,
however, the House of Deputies should disapprove
of the amendments or odMtions of the Senate, or
vice versd^ the dissenting Chamber shall have the
privilege of requiring a temporary union of the two
Houses, in order that the matter in dispute may be
decided in General Assembfy.

(20) A veto is conceded to the Emperor ; but
it is only suspensory in its nature. In case three
successive Parliaments should present the same
project for the Imperial sanction, it is declared that

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 35

on the third presentation it shall, under all and any
circumstances, be considered that the sanction had
been conceded. (21) The ordinary annual sessions
of the two Houses of Legislature are limited to the
period of four months.

(22) To each province of the Empire there is a
legislative Assembly, for the purpose of discussion
on its particular interests, and the promotion of
projects of law accommodated to its localities and
urgencies; but these Assemblies are not invested
with any power excepting that of proposing laws
of provincial interest.

(23) The attributes of the moderative power
(which is designated the key to the entire political
organization, and which is vested exclusively in the
hands of the Emperor) are the nomination of Sena-
tors, according to the before-mentioned regulations ;
the convocation of the General Assembly whenever
the good of the Empire shall require it ; the sanc-
tion of the decrees or resolutions of the Assembly ;
the enforcement or suspension of the projects of the
provincial Assemblies during the recess of the Cham-
bers ; the dissolution of the House of Deputies ;
the nomination of Ministers of State ; the suspen-
sion of magistrates ; the diminution of the penalties
imposed on criminals ; and the concession of am-
nesties.

36 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

(24) The titles acknowledged in the Constitn-
tion as appertaining to His Majesty are " Constitu-
tional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of BraziL"
His person is declared inviolable and sacred, and
he himself exempt from all responsibility. He is,
moreover, designated as the chief of the eocecuUve
power ^ which power is to be exercised through the
medium of his Ministers. Its principal ftmctions
are the convocation of a new General Assembly in
the third year of each legislature, the nomination
of bishops, magistrates, military and naval com-
manders, ambassadors, and diplomatic and commer-
cial agents ; the formation of all treaties of alliance,
subsidy, and commerce ; the declaration of war and
peace ; the granting of patents of naturalization,
and the exclusive power of conferring titles, mili-
tary orders, and other honorary distinctions. AU
acts emanating from the executive power are to be
signed by the Ministers of State, before being car-
ried into execution ; and those Ministers are to be
held responsible for all abuses of power, as well
as for treason, falsehood, peculation, or attempts
against the liberty of the subjects. (25) In addi-
tion to the Minist/ry^ a Council of State is also ap-
pointed, the members of which are to hold offices
for life. They are to be heard concerning all mat-
ters of serious import, and principally on all sub-

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 37

jects relating^ to war and peace, negotiatioils with
foreign States, and the exercise of the moderative
power. For all counsels wilfiilly tending to the
prejudice of the State, they are to be held responsible.
(26) The^'«^{i^i(?ia?^?(>2^^ is declared independent,
and is to consist of judges and juries for the adjudi-
cation of both civil and criminal cases, according to
the disposition of future codes for this effect. The
juries are to decide upon the fact, and the judges
to apply the law. For all abuses of power the
judges, as well as the other officers of justice, are to
be held responsible. It is within the attributes of
the Emperor to suspend the judges in the exercise
of their functions ; but they are to be dismissed
jfrom office only by a sentence of the supreme courts
of appeal instituted in all the provinces.

(28) The presidents of the provinces are to be
nominated by the Emperor ; but their privileges,
qualifications, and authority are to be regulated by
the Assembly.

(29) If, after the expiration of four years, it
should be found that any articles of the Constitu-
tion required reform, it was decreed that the pro-
posed amendment should originate with the House
of Deputies ; and if, after discussion, the necessity
of the reform was conceded, an act was to be passed
and sanctioned by the Emperor in the usual man-

38 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

ner, requiring the electors of the Deputies for the
next Parliament to confer on their representatives
especial powers regarding the proposed alteration
or reform. On the assembling of the next House
of Deputies, the matter in question was to be pro-
posed and discussed, and, if passed, to be appended
to the Constitution and solemnly promulgated.
(The reforms were few, — the two principal being
the regulation of succession in the case of the death
of Dom Pedro 11. without issue, his sister Donna
Januaria, or her children, becoming heirs; and
changing the provincial councils to provincial As-
semblies.)

(30) Finally, civil and criminal codes are or-
ganized ; the use of torture is abolished ; the con-
fiscation of property is prohibited ; the custom of
declaring the children and relatives of criminals in-
famous is abrogated, and the rights of property and
the public debt are guaranteed.

The present excellent ruler of Brazil looks upon
the great original, (of which this is an abstract,)
given by his father to the people, and proclaimed
the supreme law of the land, by the unanimous
voice of the nation, as the rule, and gauge, of all
his oflGlcial acts. He Jfrequently remarks, in his
oflGlcial intercourse with native statesmen, as also in

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 39

his interviews vnth foreigners, V9;lio are apt to ask
for extraordinary fiavors, and interferences : " I am
a constitutional monarch ; and cannot, therefore, go
beyond the letter and spirit of the instrument that
gave lis independence and nationality."

In the Senate, as in the House of Deputies,
when any measure is brought forward, it is at once
tried by the touchstone of the constitution ; if found
to accord with that, then it only remains to settle
the utiUty of the law ; when it passes, or is rejected,
as the majority deem it wholesome, or unwholesome.
But, should it be found, in any sense, unconstitu-
tional, no amount of eloquence, or pleading for
" higher law," can keep it long before these bodies. *
All laws, thus enacted, are held sacredly binding
by the people: so, that there exists no country
under the sun, where the rights of the citizen, and
the foreigner, are more happily conserved than in
BraziL The rights of property, as guaranteed in
the constitution, are carried out to the letter. The
Senator, with the highest title of nobility, does not
presume to enter the humblest dwelling, without
first asking permission ; and should permission be
withheld, he does not enter, except at his own peril.
This is because the constitution makes every man
lord supreme, in iis own domicil ; however humble
or lowly it may be. -

40 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEES.

Many believe, because they have been told so,
by designing knaves, and politicians, who wish to
detain them in this country, that foreigners cannot
hold property in Brazil; particularly in slavea
This is utterly without foundation. Any foreigner,
no matter where he may be from, can hold as many
slaves as he is able to buy, or as much property, of
any description, as he is able to pay for.

The laws are open to all, and a foreigner stands
as good a chance to get justice in the courts, as if
he had been bom in the Empire. But happily for
the" people, there is but little litigation going on in
the country.

I know a Massachusetts Yankee, who refuses to
be naturalized, and yet he owns several slaves. I
know many southern gentlemen, who have bought
large numbers of slaves, and much real estate, dur-
ing the last year.

I hope these instances will quiet the apprehen-
sions of the over credulous and timid, on these
points.

The next thing to be noticed, is the popular
error that exists in the United States, as to the an-
cestors of the Brazilians, and the language they
speak, and write. I have been greatly amused, since
my return, at the talkative ignorance, and preten-
tious manners, of many, who have undertaken to

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 41 ^

catecldse me on the subject of Brazil. One United
States Senator, was particularly confident, and as-
suming. He opened the conversation, by asserting,
in a knowing and suggestive tone, " Government
despotic, of course." " Oh no," said I, " on the con-
tray; very Jfree, and just." "Why," replied he,
" have not they an JEmperor % And ~ of course,
where an Emperor rules, the government is des-
potic." To this master stroke of logic, which seems
to be the style just now in vogue, in this country,
I made no reply. Finding me dumb, he thought
it needftd that my pride, and folly, should be a
little father humbled ; so he resumed the subject,
with all the assurance of success, that a New Eng-
land Pedagogue feels, when he undertakes to prove
to his attentive pupils that Plymouth Rock is the
most sacred and hallowed spot on earth. " Then,"
said he, rather sharply, " you think the government
of Brazil is not despotic. How can it be other-
wise ? when it is composed of such Spaniards, and
their descendants, as wish to continue, in the new
world, the same despotic forms of government that
curse the old." " Hold a moment," said I, " you
talk very learnedly, to all appearances ; and doubt-
less, your logic would prove conclusive, with such
as you are accustomed to harangue. But, as for
myself, I must beg leave to reject it ; afr the same

42 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

time, I take the liberty of informing you, that yonr
conclusions are as false, as the premises you have
assumed." " Oh ! " said he, " what then ? " My
reply Was, " I will tell you ; if you will permit me
to state a few facts, that I know to be such, from
personal observation, and personal/ eiqperience. In
the first place, the Brazilians are not Spaniards, nor
the descendants of Spaniards. They are descended
jfrom the Portuguese, who discovered the country,
colonized it, and held it, until, under Dom Pedro
the First, son of Dom John, the Sixth of Portugal,
the Colonies declared for independence, and won it :
under the glorious constitution, that has since been
so dear to the heart of every Brazilian, and the ad-
miration of the first statesmen of the nineteenth
century, in both hemispheres. So far from being
Spaniards, or in any way mixed up with Spaniards,
the Brazilians despise that treacherous race ; and
point to Mexico, Central America, and the South
American republics, when they would warn their
sons against the folly, villainy, and insecure char-
acter of republicanism. If an intelligent Brazilian
who loves liberty and security, and can appreciate
good government, were asked what he most abhors,
he would doubtless answer, " Spanish American Re-
publicanism." They are intensely national, and
loyal to the constitution, and the throne ; while

THE GOVERNMENT, ETC. 43

they liave a just pride in the Portuguese language,
their mother tongue, which is the elder daughter
of the Latin, and boasts a literature, second, only,
to that of the French, among the descendants of the
Eomana

CHAPTEE IV.

lizzieland: or the locality chosen fob cub

SETTLEMENT.

Aftee mucli laborious travel and investigation,
I chose for our settlement, a tract of country forty
miles long, and twenty-four miles wide. This snr-
vey contains 614,000 acres ; which, however, is not
all government land. Many of the river fronts are
claimed by Brazilians, who now occupy them. In
eyery instance, these proprietors evince a disposi-
tion to sell out, at very low prices ; so that those
of our people who desire river fronts, have only to
satisfy themselves that the titles are good, when
they can purchase, in most instances, as cheaply as
if the land belonged to the government. They are
willing to sell thus cheaply, because their lands
have cost them little or nothing. According to a
law of the Empire, enacted to protect squatters,
their .homesteads have come into their possession

UZZTELAJSTD. 45

by occupaiK^, not pnrcliase. And as they are not
agriculturalisfcs, but desirous of seeing such as cul-
tivate the soil settle in the country, they offer to
sell, and remove to regions more remote from civil-
ization. K it be asked why I did not select lands
that belong exclusively to the government; the
reply is, because no lands of this kind are to be
found, in localities that are easy of accesa The
region selected is the most fertile, healthful, and
accessible that I could find ; and at the same time,
least encumbered with squatters. In fact, I do not
regard the few private claims within our survey,
(perhaps not a twentieth part of the whole,) as
any disadvantage whatever ; for, as I have before
stated, they can be bought quite as cheaply as the
government rates. This I know to be the fact, for
I purchased for my own homestead one of the best
tracts of land on the Juquid Kiver, at less than th^
government price. This tract is what we term the
"central residence," or nucleus of the proposed
settlement. There are buildings enough already
erected to shelter, temporarily, some two hundred
persons; where the ladies and childi-en can re-
main, while the husbands and brothers are select-
ing suitable sites for plantations, and putting up
such buildings as the time and circumstances may
seem to justify. This survey, or Lizzieland, as it

46 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB BOUTHERNEBS.

is now caUed, Hes along the Jiiquid Eiver ; with a
strip four mUes wide on one side, and the main
body, or a tract twenty miles wide, on the other.
To follow the meanderings of the river, through
the entire survey, whicli is forty miles long, I sup
pose the distance would be near one hundred miles.
The river is navigable for steamboats, of four feet
draught, about half way through the entire tract ;
there, the navigation is interrupted by an immense
fall, where there is water-power sufficient to turn
half the spindles of Manchester. Above this fall,
the stream widens out, and is only navigable for
canoes and small boats. But below the lower line
of the survey, there comes into the Juquid River
a beautiful stream that flows almost through the
centre of the main tract : this stream is also nav-
igable for twenty miles, for the largest kind of
pirogues, thus giving abundance of water naviga-
tion, which is of first importance to a planting
people. Besides these streams, there are creeks
and springs to be found all over the country, at
convenient distances for residences ; so that I feel
justified in asserting that there is no region in the
world better watered than this. And, as to the
quality of the water, it is not too much to say, that
it is as pure as ice, clear as crystal, and quite cool
enough to be palatable, whether you dip it from

LIZZIELAND. 47

the spring, the creek, or the river. The land is
not heavily, but well timbered. That is, I believe
there is timber enough for aU practical purposes,
of the very best and most durable qualities ; while
the same amount of labor that it requires to pre-
pare one acre for the plow in the Mississippi bot-
tom, would prepare three times that amount, as a
general thing, throughout this entire region. The
soil is very fertile, and also very friendly to culti-
vate. For a more extended description of the
country, see my official report No. 2, in Chapter X.
The following is a literal translation from the
Portuguese, of the terms upon which this land has
been given into my hands.

Rio db Jaiteibo, Jwm 80, 1866.
DiEEOTORY OF PuBLIO LaNDS.

By order of His Excellency, The Minister of
Agriculture, I have to declare to Rev. Ballard 8.
Dunn, the following :

1st. The price of the land selected, is one real
per square braca, (footing up forty-one and three-
quarter cents per acre,) inclusive of the expenses
of measuring and marking.

2d. The quantity of land that each emigrant
can take, will be regulated by him, and the said

48 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Rev. Ballard 8. Dunn, wlio will be held responsi-
ble for the respective payments to the government.
3d. The lands being selected, the said Rev.
Ballard S. Dunn will receive a provisional title^
clearly indicating the respective limits ; this title
will be exchanged for another definite one of the
property, so soon as the value of the lands occu-
pied is paid into the treasury.

4th. All implements , of agriculture, manu&c-
tures, machines, and utensils which the emigrants
bring with them, for their own use, will be exempt
jfrom import duties.

5th. The governmcAt will immediately make
provisional housing, for the reception of the emi-
grants.

6th. As to transport, the government will pay
the freightage of one vessel, for every two vessels
freighted by Rev. Ballard S. Dunn, and bringing
emigrants ; or will advance the cost of the passage
of such emigrants, after their arrival in Brazil, the
said gentleman (Dunn) becoming responsible for
the reimbursement of the money within the term
of three to four years. This responsibility will be
made effective by a mortgage of the lands that he
may purchase in the Empire.

Tth. The emigrants will be able to disembark
at Iguape, without passing through Rio de Janeiro,

UZZIELAND. 49

if the government receives a communication, throngli
the intermediacy of the Brazilian consul, or vice con-
sul, of their coming, in a mode to afford time to
transmit orders for that purpose, seeing that said
port has no custom house.

God have you in care.
[Signed]

Berkabdo Atjgtjsto Nacente Azambuja,

Revekendo,^ Ballabd S. Dunn.

The provisional title, of which the above terms
speak, I have received, and now have it in my pos-
session ; so that I am looked upon in that country,
as the legitimate controller of the land. The gov-
ernment has given, in the most public manner, ex-
plicit orders, that no one can settle there without
my permission, as the land is specially set apart for
myself and friends.

You see, also, from the above, that I have no
compensation from the government, for the labors
and the responsibility they have seen fit to im-
pose ; beyond the right to select the people with
whom we expect to cast our lot in the future.
From this source, however, I hope to derive the
richest compensation. If, after weighing well all

50 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

the circumstances, good men and women come
to the conclusion that the best thing they can do,
is to expatriate themselves, then, surely, it behooves
them to see to it, that their new surroundings
shall be equally desirable with those they leave be-
hind : otherwise, where lies the advantage of emi-
grating ? The Brazilian form of government, just,
stable, and desirable as it is, will be but poor com-
pensation for all the toils and vexations of an
expensive removal, if we are to be surroupded
by adventurers, who leave their country for their
country's good : by restless, unprincipled creatures,
who seek new communities because, for a time, they
can there practise the same villainies for which they
were obliged to remove. Nor are we anxious to wel-
come those who flee from internal revenue stamps^
and direct taxation, from the same principle that
they dodged Confederate conscript officers, made but
false returns of able-bodied negroes, or detailed fif
teen hands to one son, a ferryboat to another, and a
com mill to a third, to keep them out of the army.
Such men are not desirable as friends, nor to be
dignified by the name of foes. We want honest,
virtuous, brave people ; who do always what they
believe to be right, from high principle, and are
not ashamed of their record, disastrous though it
has been. Such people, no matter how poor they

UZZIELAND. 51

may find themselves, shall be of us, and ours, if it
be their desire. In a community formed of such
materials, the little form by which I have already
received several noble souls, would not be out of
place. It reads as follows :

" This welcomes Mr. A. into lizzieland, a com-
munity to be formed of such expatiated Southern-
ers, from the United States, as will continue in
force among themselves, we humbly trust, that law
of honor, and Christian rectitude, which obviates
the necessity for enforcing any other law. It is
intended to make this community as compact as
possible, for planting purposes, at the same time
allowing ample room for the largest planters." In
order to «arry out these intentions fully, I have
stipulated that the land shall be surveyed into
sections of six hundred and forty acres each. The
young man who wishes no more than six hundred
and forty acres, can enter that amount: those of
larger families, and greater ability to cultivate, can
take more, until the amount reaches a reasonable
apportionment ; say three sections. In no case,
however, will persons be permitted to enter land
with a view to speculation, merely, within this
tract. That our lands will grow valuable most
rapidly, we are very sanguine. But this increase
of value will be legitimate, and in no sense detri-

52 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

mental to tlie general good. In fact, I look upon
this, as one of the great points gained by my ex-
ertions. By our presence there, we will mutually
enrich each other ; while our gain will be no one*8
loss; for the Brazilian government gives us the
land at legal rates, and will be as happy as we, to
see it grow in value ; and are even now saying, as
the lord of those servants in the parable of the
talents, " to him that hath, shall be given." I iave
been assured by the leading men of the Empire,
that we need have no fears for the future, once we
get started, on the score of government aid, in car-
rying out any public works, that we shall find
necessary. From Ballard, the central residence, on
the Juquia River, the government is now surveying
a road, that is to be finished at once, a distance of
twelve miles into the interior, through the choicest
of the lands ; which will cost about fifty thousand
dollars. It is to be a good eighteen feet track,
well thrown up, with the timber cleared seventy
feet; with bridges that are to be secure for the
heaviest wagons. The contract to construct this
road had been guaranteed to one of our country-
men, in whose energy and ability, we have great
confidence; who holds my power of attorney to
act in such matters, during my absence from the
Empire. The government also gives five thousand

LIZZIELAND. 53

dollars per annum, towards the steam navigation
of tlie Ribeira River and its tributaries. I hope
to find that this same gentleman has placed a
steamer on the river by the time we return; so
that when we leave the ship at Iguape, we can go
on board our own stean^r, and ascend the Ribeii'a
and Juquid Rivers, to our future homes. And I
now invite all, into whose hands this book may
fall, between this and the 15th of March, 1867, who
can, and are willing to give satisfactory references,
to communicate with me, at New Orleans, on the
subject of emigrating to Brazil. State how many
there are in the family, the ages and condition of
all ; whether they wish to pay their own passage,
or whether they wish to accept the aid oflfered by
the government; in the way of a loan for four
years. It is my intention to sail from New Or-
leans, about the last days of March next : direct
for the town of Iguape, on the coast of Brazil,
about four hundred miles south of Rio de Janeii^o.
It will be necessary to know who is going, how
many, and upon what conditions, at least fifteen
days in advance, in order to make preparations
accordingly. If enough conclude to go at that
time, to load three comfortable ships, with passen-
gers and their necessary freight, I purpose accept-
ing the first terms offered by the government:

54 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEKS.

tliat is, that we pay the charter of t/wo ships, the
government paying the charter of the third. This
is a more simple arrangement, and entails less
responsibility upon me. Besides, I think one to
two^ will meet the necessities of all the worthy
indigent persons who will want to emigrate. But
should this not be the case, and enough of men of
means conclude to go, we will charter a good
double-decker steamer, and go quickly and com-
fortably. And, should any worthy person, of
either sex, wish to accept the government loan, I
will be happy, indeed, in assuming the responsi-
bility, and take them along.

CHAPTER V.

THE WEATHER — ^ITS TEMPERATURE.

The following statement of the weather, was
kept for one year, from December 1, 1859, to De-
cember 1, 1860, by Mr. Jacob Humbid, at Bran-
don, on the Dom Pedro Segunda Railroad, about
forty miles interior from Rio de Janiero. This
gentleman, as I have elsewhere stated, is the con-
tractor to whom Brazil is indebted for the success-
ful completion of a large portion of that gigantic
undertaking. I am able, through his politeness
and thoughtfulness, to place before our people, a
table for one year, that exhibits a temperatiu'e
very similar to that of our chosen locality, in the
Province of San Paulo; except that it is slightly
warmer, with a climate a little drier.

In all my joumeyings in the Empire of Brazil,
I never found the heat oppressive by day, nor
any thing but pleasant by night. In fact, for the

56 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

greater portion of the year, in the Province of San
Paulo, the nights are so delightfully cool, that
considemble cover is necessary, in order to sleep
comfortably. This, to one who has roasted in the
excessive heat of Charleston, Mobile, New Orleane^
and Galveston ; or upon the prairies of Texas, and
the plains of Mexico, was an agreeable surprise.

THERMOMETER iKD WEATHER ACCOUNT FOR OHE TEAR.

DECEMBER, 1869.

6a.m.

13 H.

<I.P. M.

BUCAXKS.

80°

84°

77°

9 a. m. 88° ; 2 p. nu rain.

ndn.

rain.

cloudy ; 6 p. m. rain.

u u « u

variable; 12i^ rain.

U ii u

rain.

showery.

69i

rain.

variable ; 2 p. m. rain.

" 3 p. m. ther. 76°

clear ; 4 p. m. " 73°

variable.

" 2 p. m. rain.

clear.

variable.

cloudy.

** forenoon rain.

variable.

74-

rain.

variable.

. 76

cloudy.

rain.

THERMOMETER AND WEATHER

JANUARY, 1860.

8l.II.

12 m.

6p. x.

ESKARKS.

68°

74°

72°

cloudy and rainy.

•

" 3 p. m. rauL
variable.

cloudy ; 3 p. m. rain.

" and rainy.

variable.

clear.

€4

cloudy.

76 ■

6 p. m. rain.

u .. a

rain.

variable.

cloudy and rainy.

« a

cloudy.

clear.

ther. 3 p. m. 90°.

clear.

ACCOUNT FOR ONE TEAR.

FEBRUARY, 1860.

6 a. m.

740

76
75
76
76
75
75
74
72
74
76
76
74
74
74
74
74
75
76
76
78
80
79
72
68
67
70
74
74

12 m.

83°

6 p. M.

80°

BMiiBKB.

clear.

cloudy.

variable.

cloudy; 4 p.m. rain; 2 th.91°.

cloudy and rainy.

cloudy.

" and rainy.

cloudy.

4 p. m. rain.

6 " *<
((

clear ; ther. 3 p. m. 84*^.

cloudy;6p. m. rain.

clear ; ther. 4 p. m. 89°.
" « 3 « 920^

variable.

cloudy ; 1 p. m. rain.
" and rainy.

variable.

cloudy and rainy.

THERMOMETER AND WEATHER

MARCH, 1860.

6 a. m.

Uv.

6 P. M.

74°

78°

76°

cloudy and rainy.

clear.

« then 4 p. m. 89°.

« ^

« ther. 4 pw m. 90*^.

(C ^

" « 3 "92°.

U (( it ii QgO

cloudy.

" and rainy.

rain.

cloudy.

rain.

80 .

cloudy.

clear.

cloudy ; 6 p. m. rain.

ram.

cloudy.

" 4 p. m. rain.

cloudy.

variable.

clear.

ACCOUNT FOR ONE TEAB.

APRIL, 1860.

6 a. m.

12 H.

6 p.m.

EBMARKB.

76°

84°

80°

variable.

84 •

clear.

3
4

78
78

84
80

cloudy.

5
6

78
74

78
79

cloudy and rainy,
clear.

((

" ther. 3 p. m. 90^

11
12

74
72

80
78

cloudy.

clear.

€C

20
21

76
70

80
70

78
74

cloudy and rainy.

variable.

rain.

((

variable.

clear.

74 •

\
1

cloudy.

THEEMOMETER AND WEATHER

MAY, 1860.

■

6 A. H.

1211.

6 P. M.

BEMARKS.

740

79°

cloudy.

■78

" and rainy.

((

rain.

cloudy.

clear.

rain.

clear.

cloudy.

rain.

clear.

ACCOUNT ¥0& ONE TEAR.

JUNE, 1860.

68°
TO

12 M.

80°

76"

mUIABXS.

clear.

cloudy,
clear.

a
a
u

cloudy.

clear,
cloudy.

rain,
clear,
cloudy.
" and rainy.

variable,
clear.

44
44
44
44
44
44

cloudy.

THEBMOMETER AND WEATHER

JULT

', I860.

<A.M,

12 m.

6 p.m.

BEMARES.

68°

72°

70°

variable.

cloudy.

variable.

cloudy.

clear.

variable.

cloudy.

rain.

clear.

((

" ther. 3 p. m. 82°.

u ^

((

cloudy.

• 78

clear.

((

cloudy.

((

clear.

cloudy.

clear.

cloudy.

ACCOUNT FOR ONE TEAR.

AUGUST, 1860.

6 A. M.;

68°

12 m.

74°

6 p. M.

74°

BEMABES.

clear.

" ther. 3 p. m. 86**.
cloudy,
clear,
cloudy.

((

ram.

cloudy.

clear ; ther. 3 p. m« 82®.

cloudy.

" and rainy,
clear.

cloudy.

" and rainy,
clear.

cloudy and rainy.

4(
it
(4
it

cloudy ; ther. 3 p. m. 84*
cloudy.

THEBMOMETEB AND WEATHER

SEPTEMBER, 1860.

6 A. M.

12 H.

6 p. M.

BEMABKS.

74°

84°

82°

clear.

cloudy.

clear ; ther. 3 p. m.

84°.

variable ; ther. 2 p.

m. 84°.

cloudy.

" and rainy.

cloudy.

rain.

cloudy.

((

raiH.

cloudy.

clear.

cloudy.

76.

" and rainy.

•

rain.

cloudy.

clear.

cloudy and rainy.

clear.

" and rainy.

n u

a ((

ACCOUNT FOR ONE TEAB.

a 1.11.

u..

!,.„.

.»..u.

'74°

82°

78°

cloudy ; ther. S p. m.

84°,

cleor.

cloudy.

variable.

clear.

cloudy.

clear.

cloudy.

clear.

" ther. 3 p. UL 90°

variable.

rain.

variable.

clear.

variable.

clear.

cloudy.

rain.

cloudy.

" S p. m. rain.

" 4 p. m. rain.

THERMOMETER AND WEATHER

NOVEMBER, 1860.

6 A. M.

12 M.

6 P. M.

BEMABKS.

78°

82°

79°

cloudy.

" 3 p. m. rain.

u ^

cloudy.

clear.

((

« ther. 4 p. m. 88°.

cloudy; 5 p. m. rain.

rain.

((

cloudy.

clear.

((

rain.

clear.

variable.

cloudy.

rain.

cloulv.

" 2 p. m. rain

(( u u

cloudy.

" 6 p. m. rain.

cloudy.

2 p. m. rain.

cloudy.

CHAPTER VI.

The following letters, addressed to myself,
under the dates they severally bear, are thought
to contain information that will prove acceptable
to many.

Mr. Demaret, is a native of Louisiana, but
for the last eleven years, a resident of Texas. He
and his interesting family, had arrived in Brazil,
but a short time before I left Rio de Janiero, to
return to the United States.

Dr. R. M. Davis, is a Virginian, but for the
last eight years, a resident of Brazil He stands
high as a physician, and a man of practical sense ;
so that his opinions upon the subjects of his letter,
are regarded by those who know him as valuable.

Capt. W. Frank Shippey, was an officer of our
late navy, and stands deservedly high with all who
know him. He is now engaged in opening a plan-
tation on the Ribeira River, in the Province of San
Paulo.

72 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

We, the advance-guard of the legion of Con-
federates, who are hereafter to settle and cultivate
the soil, watching, as we do, with painful solici-
tude, the condition of our friends in our late home,
earnestly and fondly look for the consummation of
your plans and efforts, and I believe that I express
the sentiments of all the good and true, when I say
that the prayers of the people are with you, and
that the children and children's children of those
who join our standard, under your auspices, will
rise up to call you blessed.

Permit me to reiterate the professions of sincere
regard which we all entertain for you, and of the
confidence which we repose in your ability, and in
the rectitude of your intentions, and wishing you
a pleasant and prosperous voyage to the United
States, and a safe and speedy return to BraziL

1 remain your friend and obedient servant,

W. Frank Shtppey.

Rio de Jaioiieo, June 28, 1866.

V Rev. Ballard S. Dunn.

Dear Sir : You requested me to give you my
opinion as to fitness of climate, soil, and produc-
tions of San Paulo, for the settlement of our South-

em people. I will answer your request as concisely
as possible. Within tlie last six montlia, I liavt
taken great interest in ascertaining if this country!
would fiimish suitable homes for Southern people,
and I am conscientious in saying, that I do not
believe that they can be better suited on the
globe, than here. All the productions of t]
Southern States may be raised here, in as gi-ei
abundance, and with lesa labor, than in the South-
I ern States at any former period of their history.
Corn may be raised in full aa great quantity
(per acre), and with less labor, and were the same
mode of cultivation used, I believe that it would
be greater than any of the Southern corn-growing
regions. Rice gi'ows here most luxuriantly iu
every portion of this Province, and yields abun-
dant harvests, even under the rude culture which
it receives. With proper cultivation and suitable-
seed, the crop would suipass any of the Southern
States. Cotton grows here finely, matures per-,
fectly, and is of good quality. Pi'om what I havaj
seen of the cotton of this Province, growing ant
matured, I do not think that the very best cottoi
lands in the Southern States can produce the sam<
quantity (per acre) ; besides, two <Topa may
raised from the same planting within thirteen'
months. Tobacco maybe raised profitably in all

74 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

parts of thie Province, to compete favorably with
any tobacco-growing country. In fact, I do not
believe tliat this plant could be raised in the
United States, if it received no better cultivation
there than here. Sugar-cane also grows here to<
the greatest perfection, and I have been assured
by experienced Southern planters, that it grows,
matures, and contains more saccharine matter than
in the Southern States, and that they can raise at
least one third more sugar here, than in those
States. I have travelled through different por-
tions of the Province of San Paulo, and have seen
all of these crops growing and matured, and have
no hesitation in saying, that I do not believe that
the United States can compete with this Province
in cheapness and quantity, per acre, in any of the
articles which I have mentioned, and when our
people shall come and settle here; and use their
modes of cultivation, there is no country that can
yield them greater remuneration for their labor.
The water is plentiful and pure as the mountain
spring. The climate is excellent and perfectly
healthy.

I congratulate you, after your long travels
through different portions of the Empire, for the
lands which you have chosen, and which have
been ceded to you by the government for the

CORRESPONDENCE.

Southern people who may emigrate to this Prov-
iae& ITioBe lands on the Ribeira and Juqiiid
Rivers, are of the very best quality. Location
healthy, and having the very best water naviga-
tion, fi'om your immediate homes, down these
rivers to the open sea. This large body of land,
rich in soil, with snch facilities for transportation,
make it one of thd most desirable localities I have
seen for a large number of emigrants. There they
may find a large and fertile tract of country, and
as cheap as one could desire, where lai'ge numbers
may settle, and have an entire community of their
own. There they may raise all Southern produc-
tions in great abimdance, with but little labor, and
where they may have a cheap and good transporta-
tion for their produce, to the capital of the Em-
pire (one of the best markets in the world). One
might travel through this vast Empire, and I do
not believe that they could find a country more
suited to the wants of the Southern people, than
those in which you have been so fortunate in
selecting, and I do hope that yonr untiring per-
'severance in behalf of the Southern people, ma;
be rewarded by thousands of them coming to tl
land, where they may enjoy all the free privi
which a brave, but oppressed people may di
and live at ease and in plenty, where there is m

)er- ^^
;higH

^ 76 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

one to oppress them for the expession of "free
thought." The climate, soil, and productions of
San Paulo, must make it the great nucleus for
Southern emigrants to this Empire, and after
seeing the different parts of this Province, I am of
the opinion that the lands which you have se-
lected afford facilities and conveniences imsur-
passed, that make it one of the very best locations
that could have been selected for the Southern
emigrants. Wishing you much reward for your
,^Lg exertio,„ ia behalf of our Southern
friends, I remain, very truly yours, &c.

R.M. Davis, M.D.

CHAPTER VII.

SKETCHES TAKEN ON THE GEOUND.

The casual observer of the small group of
Americans now assembled in the capital of Brazil,
would be likely to dismiss them as the insignificant
first fruits of an emigration that must soon end in
nothing. But in this, conclusion, he would be
greatly mistaken. For, in that small, but diverse
company, may be found many of the grades of in-
tellect, and shades of temper, common to the race.

The patriotic lovers of their late companions in
arms, and unfortunate kindred, are entitled to our
first attention. They come and go, in a business
like manner ; making the most of the golden op-
portunities offered by a generous government, for
discovering, and securing, suitable lands and climates
for those they seek to benefit. At every turn,
they meet with the most cordial hospitality, and
are greeted, with that pleasing civility, and polished

78 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

politeness, for whicli the Brazilians are proverbial.
In return for such favors, they offer grateful ac-
knowledgments, are thankful and hopefdL

The energetic, money-making, money-loving
planter, who did all he could to avert our disasters,
but cannot brook the present state of things in the
South, chiefly because the labor system is deranged,
and insecure, and therefore unfruitful of the golden
harvest of former times, has his representative in
^ Rio de Janiero. - On the subject of a reliable sys-
tem of labor, he has grown morbid. He looks for
some token of permanency in the present system of
Brazil, but is unable to find it. On the contrary,
he reads more fearful symptoms of disruption, and
violent change, in the politic report of a minister of
state, than he was ever able to discover, in the
fanatical speeches, and incendiary books, of those
who destroyed the South, from John Quincy
Adams, down to the emancipation proclamation.
For, in those days, " cotton was king ; " and under
a ruler so potent, he could bask in the perpetual
sunshine of conscious security.

That low class of politLns, who prated so
much about patriotism, at the commencement of the
war, but lacked the ability and the courage neces-
sary to attain distinction in the field ; who generally
occupied the position of conmaandants of interior

post towns ; figured as conscript officers, or quarter
master's clerks, liave tlieir representatives on the
big peninsula. They found it easier to dub them-
selves majors, colonels, and generals, on arriving
iere, than to obtain the written commissions cor-
responding to these ranks, from Mr. Davis. One
of these characters, perhaps the highest in rank, that
bas yet ai-rived, being an " illustnous General,"
happened to steam into the port of Rio de Janeiro,
on the very crest of the popular wave of American
emigration. His staff was abuost as numerous as
General Magruder's, after the retaking of Galveston.
He entered at once upon a career of unparalleled
prosperity. But like the small hen, that undertook to
hatch seven dozen of eggs at once, he, in attempting
to represent seven states, spread himself too much ;
and, as in the case of poor yarrieo, made a mess of
it ; accompanied by a disagreeable odor, that lingers
still in the Brazilian metropoUs, very much to the
discredit of Southerners.

Following in the footsteps of a flexible prede-
cessor of the same class, who applied to President
Jackson for an important appointment, but being
refused, concluded to accept a suit of old clothes, 1
our Southron, of the overshadowing rank, numerous
Btafi^ and two kinds of aids, consented to accept
Irish promotiou, in the way of a free passage from

80 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB S0T7THEBNEBS.

the scene of his failure, and a small office in his
native land, without rank, and no very great emol-
uments.

That base order of adventurers, whose love of
excitement, and something new, insured them a
representation in almost every regiment, at the be-
ginning of the war ; who delight in being mistaken,
for men of probity and enterprise, have their re-
presentatives in the land of the Southern Cross. In
some instances, they have succeeded in deceiving
true men, to the extent of obtaining introductions
to respectable people, and the patronage of the gov-
ernment. They boast greatly of wonderful feats of
bravery they performed during the late struggle :
but it has generally fallen out, that whatever they
did, under pretence of avenging their country's
wrongs, was prompted by motives of private gain :
and in no instance, has it failed to come to light,
that they are mere wolves, in lion's skins, seeking
under cover of that noble animal to prosecute their
old trade, of plunder and of theffc.

The universal staff officer, is represented in Bra-
zil. And as many of them seemed to have little
else to do, during the war, than to flirt with, and
bring additional disrepute upon, that very small
and insignificant class of women in the South (gen-
erally such as were bom or educated in the North),

SKETCHES TAKEN ON THE GROUND. 81

who were easily smitten with the disease known as
"button on the brain" they evince a disposition
to continue their former employment here. But
finding the flirting accessible in this city expensive,
and realizing that the Confederate States are no
longer in condition to maintain them in their un-
productive speciality ; they propose to marry some
respectable lady, in order to obtain a support. They
frequently dine, and drink with those, who are yet
permitted to wear gay uniforms, and accompany
these gentry to places of amusement and pleasure.

The attractiveness of tinselsy, and pocket change,
accounts for their being together. And when we
remember how little blood they have shed, in their
own persons, we can understand the fax^ility with
which they take to each other, and speak of the
past as forgiven and forgotten.

Lastly, in every sense, the New England fana-
tic, and propagandist, is represented in the dark
land, which he intends to free, and enlighten, with
his negro gospel. This representation consists
chiefly, of so called missionaries and colporteurs, who
distribute lying tracts, cant puritanism, and collect
false statements for sensation book makers. They
are, in many respects, the most pestilential class
that can possibly infest any country.

82 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

[Note. — Chapter VIIL abridged from an elabo-
rate article, by a Prussian gentleman of decided
military ability, I print in this work, because our
people are interested to know the defensibleness of
the region chosen for their future homes.

From a careful examination of the whole country
spoken of, with special reference to the subject herein
treated, I arrived at the very same conclusions with
the writer, long before I saw his article.

Canane4 is the port at which we enter, in going
to Iguape, our coast town : which is situated on Mar
Pequeno, or little sea, forty-eight miles north of the
point of entrance.

CHAPTER VIII.

CANANEA, PROVINCE OF SAN PAULO, AS A STRATEGIC

POINT.

THE PORT OF CANANEA WITH THE RIVER REGION DOMI-
NATED BY rr, IS, BY ITS STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE,
THE KEY TO THE POLITICAL PREDOMINANCY OF THE
SOUTH-BRAZILIAN PROVINCES, FROM SANTOS TO THE
RIVER PLATE.

Brazil is protected in almost all its seacoast,
against invasion from without, by the formidable
Serra do Mar, only accessible with much cost, and
in which a handful of men could crush an aggres-
sive army, almost without wasting powder.

In this imposing fortress, nature, however, left
a breach, which affords a commodious entrance into
the interior, and gives easy access to the important
depots of the State.

The Serra do Mar does not exist on the seacoast
of the municipality of Cananea, whose depths are

84 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

traversed by some outshoots of the Serra Negra,
which starts from the Graciosa and runs with some
interruptions almost to Iguape. It is from these
interruptions that rivers come out, emptying their
watersinto those of the sea within Cananea, and there
are the natural roads to the interior. Behind the
serra commences immediately the fluvial region of
the Ribeira de Iguape. This flows through an ex-
tensive basin, descending from the Serra Geral, at a
distance of seventy-four miles approximately, through
a gently falling terrene, so as to permit the descent
of canoes from the top of the serra.

The terrene through which the principal tribu-
taries of the Ribeira pass has exactly analogous con-
ditions. This state of the formation of the terrene
would at once allow the supposition of a facility
for the establishment of communications, if this
favorable circumstance were not already verified.

The port of CananeA is accessible for ships of
great depth. The pilots affirm the bar to have
seventeen feet four inches on it at low water. The
bar is not difficult, and will not require pilots, when
buoyed. The various arms of the sea, between the
isles and the mainland, up to Iguape, aflEbrd a secure
and extensive anchorage of 100 miles in length and
400 to 1,900 yards wide, with sufficient depth every-
*"here. The entrance of the bar, and its immediate

CANANEA, AS A STRATEGIC POINT, 85

continuations inwards are defensible in the most
easy and efficacious manner possible, by simple
beach batteries, made of the most proper material,
sand, lined with fascines or wicker work. The isle
of Bom Abrigo affords a safe anchorage outside the
^ »ar and still lies under the protection of the bat-
ceries. It is at the same time an excellent lookout
point upon the sea.

I am then any power ; I find it convenient, or
am obliged to wage war against BraziL I dispose
of 20,000 soldiers, tolerably drilled and disciplined*
I have just the number of ships of war and trans-
ports to conduct the army to its destination.
I know the topography of the country better than
the Brazilian government itself because I find the
port of CananeA at my disposal, undefended, and
I find on land neither soldier nor organized militia
to offer me resistance.

My little squadron enters the port without dif-
ficulty. I land my men, and the cannon destined
for the batteries ; and in a day the port is safe
against any surprise by the enemy. At break of
day thedefensive works progress and can resist any
reeular attack. From this moment the fears cease,
there is no need to suffer. There is excellent drink-
ing water, finesh fish in abundance, and more than
20,000 producers »e quite happy in delivering

86 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

their produce to me. I have likewise a kind
of Alabama which, from the isle of Bom Abrigo,
looks out for the Brazilian merchant ships going
to, or coming from the south, and she finds profi-
table occupation in boarding them and towing
ihem into the port, and does not weary in continuing
the same occupation.

I send a corps of 2,000 soldiers to Paranagua,
who within four days present themselves there with-
out it being known whence they come ; they go by
land and rise suddenly, probably, at GuariquiQaba.
They take possession of the war stores there exist-
ing, levy a moderate contribution, in which Antoni-
na will take part, and they probably raze the for-
tress because I do not see that it can be of any use.
Thenceforward nothing enters or goes out without
my express license, and I will leave there only a
small force as a corps of observation, which can com-
municate daily with Cananea.

A corps of 10,000 men is already placed in
movement for the serra above, the vanguard of which
arrive in eight or ten days' march, on the road that
they will open, at Castro, in the Province of Parand,
intercepting every communication from the south,
with the Province of Sao Paulo, and furnishing them-
selves in especial with horses, making raids as far
as Curitiba on the other.

CAHANEA, AS A STEATBGia POINT. 87 1

I left on purpose a corps of 8,000 at Caiiaiiea,to I
take cbai^ of the fortiflcatione and do tlie duties
of their profession. I

I fear everything from the mobility of the Bra-
zilian forces forming in Sao Paulo, and I go to meet
them, perhaps beyond Soroeaba, if for no other
profitable object, to embarrass their marcli. I
destroy the bridges in my return, and any other
things that may offer. I am not, however, an enemy
retiring from cowardice, I desire only to have my
adversary in the convenient place, off Castro, and I
begin my master movement. I order, two days
before, a corps of 2,000 to open a road to the Capi-
tal of San Paiilo,^nd within eight days I present a
coi"pa of 12,000 soldiers at the gates of that city, I
intercept the railway and order the guarding of the
serra road by a small force. Perhaps I make a visit
to Santos. In any case the return of a corps, of
those that went to attack me at Castro, and which
may be sufficient to attack me, will be rendered dif-
ficult by the destruction of the bridges within a
sufficient distance, wliich I ordered to be effected.
Besides this, the road by wliich I came is exdusive-
ly mine and I can retire at the most proper mo-
ment, for I have no desire to sacrifice a single sol-
dier uselessly. If my enemy wishes to fight me
■he will see himself rigorously necessitated to seek

88 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

me at my head quarters at Cananea. He has even
to come to me by land because he will not be able
to force the port, or land any toops with the smallest
success. He will come by the roads I opened, which
he will find in good order because I have to use
them to the last moment. My head quarters at
Canane4 has, however, only two entrances, made on
purpose by nature, forming extended defiles which
will be weU furnished with batteries.

K the ammunition of the batteries last, the
entrances will not be forced, and if the number of
the enemy were infinite, their corpses will make the
entrance almost impossible.

I say there are no grounds for admitting that
my position may be taken, and my assailant will
find it necessary to retreat, not thinking that I have
already ordered him to be circled and his retreat
made impossible.

After this victory I renew my incursions, to at-
tract the enemy again. If he does not venture to at-
tack me again at CananeA, he must at least protect
the interior against my continual invasions, and em-
ploy for this a force at least four times superior to
mine, on a line of defence of about 100 leagues, that
is from San Paulo to Curitiba.

The Brazilian squadron (the enemy) may per-
haps blockade the Port of CananeA, but at the same

CASAKBA, AS A BTBATEQIO POIKT.

time must likewise blockade tLat of Paranagua, if I
it is intended to do me any effective harm. Happily
I have within the hounds of my power iron, lead,
coal ; aa well as the ingredients of powder, or what !

may substitute it.

* * « « « »

A road from the Port of CananeS to the Parani
IB, in strategic and political points of view, of the
highest convenience, if not of absolute necessity.
It eclipses in importance and utility all the others
-that might be made to carry Brazilian power to the
!Eiver Plate, and will be the shortest and least
costly.

Considering this communication on its useful
fflde, for the development of agriculture and com-
merce, a not less satisfactory result wH be found.

Starting fromthe port of CananeA, it crosses in
a diagonal line the vast extent of public lands lying
between the Ribeira and the Serra Negra, crossing
the various rivers that flow to the Ribeira, and
comes within a distance of ten leagues of the town
of Bom Successo, above the serra which is upon the
boundary of the Province. Thence it continues
alternately through prairies and woods, scantily
populated, and crosses the surveyed tenitories to
the Colony of Assunguy, proceeding between set-
tlements to Castro. With the navigation of the Ta-

90 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

bagi, or any other serving better, the bottoms of
these rivers would soon be animated with labor.
The Province of Matto Grosso would find there its
natural road. At a certain point of the road, six or
seven leagues from Cananea, it is only five leagues
from Iporanga, and therefore in contact with the
settlements north of the Kibeira. And it is unques-
tionable that if this communication existed now,
it would be along it that the American emigrants
would establish themselves without hesitation, be-
cause there are no lands more suitable.

I conclude this succinct statement, observing that
what I have said is not based on mere conjectures.
Seven years I have studied this locality, partly in
service of the Government, and in greater part for
recreation. I crossed the backwoods of Assunguy
and Cananeft, on a right line between these two
places ; I have also explored that from San Paulo
to the Kibeira, on the Juquid. These two lines are
the principal arteries for travel.

If I permit myself to point out the strategic im-
portance of Cananea as eminent, it is merely with

the authority of an old soldier of the Prussian Artil-
lery.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE
EMPIRE OF BRAZIL, AND THE BOUND-
INGS OF THE SEVERAL PROVINCES
WITHIN ITS LIMITS.

The empire of Brazil lies between latitudes 4®
23' north, and 32'' 45' south, and longitude 34'' 56'
and 73** 20' west from Greenwich ; and is bounded
north by Venezuela and the colonies of Guiana ;
northwest east and southeast by the Atlantic
Ocean ; south by Uruguay ; southwest and west by
the Argentine Confederation, Paraguay, Bolivia,
Peru and Ecuador.

And contains 3,956,800 square miles; being
over one-third larger than the United States. Its
greatest diameter east and west, on the parallel of

Cape Augustin (lat 8.° 20' s.) is 2,630 miles ; and

its greatest extent, north and south, on the medium
of Cape Arange (long. 37** 27' w.) is 2,540 miles ;-
with a coast line 3,700 miles long.

PKOVINCE OF AMAZONAS.

HOW BOUNDED.

This immense province stretches between 4° 23^
north latitude and 10° south latitude, and between
56° 59' and 75° 3' west longitude. It is bounded
on the north by Gruiana, Venezuela, and New
Granada, being divided from these by the range of
mountains which, under various names, runs along
the northern boundary of BrazU ; on the west by
Equador and Peru, the Japurd, for part of its
length, and the Javari, from south latitude 10°,
forming most of the dividing line ; on the south by
Peru, Bolivia, and the province of Mato Grosso, the
tenth degree of south latitude being the divisional
line from the two first, and the rivers Madeira and
Machado that from Mato Grosso.

Its length from east to west is 330 leagues, from
north to south 280 leagues, and its estimated area
64,000 leagues.*

PKOVINCE OF PARA.

HOW BOUNDED.

Pard;, the most northern maritime province of
Brazil, is bounded on the north-east by the Atlan-

* A Portagnese league equals four English miles.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 93

tic, on the north by French Guiana ; on the west
by Amazonas, the river Neamunda forming, in part,
the dividing line ; on the south by MaranhSo and
Goyaz, the chief separating lines being made by the
rivers Gurupy, Araguaya, Vertentes, Fresco, Atoary,
Frez Barros, Tapajoz, and Oreguatus. It lies be-
tween 4° 15^ north latitude, and 9° 54^ south lati-
tude, and 45'' 54' and 58"" 59' west longitude. Its
superficial extent is estimated at 39,000 square
leagues. Its capital is Belem or Pard, on the south
side of the river Pard.

PKOVINCE OF MARANHlO.

HOW BOUNDED.

It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic, on
the west by Pard, from which it is divided by the
river Gurupy; on the south-west by Goyaz, the
Tocantins and Manoel Alves Grande separating
them ; and on the south and east by Piauhy, the
river Parnahiba being their boundary. Its length
from north to south is 195 leagues, from east to
west, 163 leagues ; its seacoast, 130 leagues, and its
area about 12,500 square leagues. It lies between
1° and 10° 45' south latitude, and 40° 54' and 49°
16' west longitude.

94 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

PROVINCE OF SERGIPE.

HOW BOUin)ED.

It lies between 10° 20' and 1° 34' south latitude,
and 36° 11' and 38° 25' west longitude. It is
bounded on the north by Alagoas, the river S.
Francisco separating them ; on the west and south-
west by Bahia, the rivers Real and ffing o forming
in part the boundaries; and on the east by the
Atlantic. Its coast extent, from the Real to the S.
Francisco is 30 leagues, from east to west 40
leagues, and its area about 1,200 square leagues.
The capital is Aracaju.

PROVINCE OF PIAUHY.

HOW BOUin)ED.

It lies between 2° 32' and 11° IT south lati-
tude, and 38° 38' and 45° 59' west longitude. It is
bounded on the north by the Atlantic, on the west
and north-west by MaranhSo, from which the river
Pamahiba separates it, on the south by Goyaz, the
Serra dos Coroddos being the division: on the
south-east, by Bahia and Pemambuco, and on the
east by Ceard;, the Serras dos Dois IrmSos, da Bor-
borema and Ibiapaba forming their dividing boun-

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 95

daries. Its greatest length is from nortli to south-
west 188 leagues, its breadth very unequal, and its
area about 11,000 square leaguea It has only five
leagues of sea-coast.

PROVINCE OF CEARA.

HOW BOUNDED.

It lies between 2° 35' and 7° 9' south latitude,
and 36° 41' and 40° 67' west longitude. It is
bounded on the north and north-east by the ocean,
on the west by Piauhy, on the south by Pemam-
buco, and on the east by Parahyba and Rio Grande
do Norte.

It has a sea-coast of upwards of 120 leagues and
an area of 4,500 square leagues.

PROVINCE OF RIO GRANDE DO NORTR

HOW BOUNDED.

It is bounded on the west by Ceara and Para-
hyba, from which the Serra of Apodi separates it ;
on the south by Parahyba ; and on the north-east
by the ocean. It has about 75 leagues of coast, and
an area of 1,500 leagues. It lies between 4° 43'
and 6° 39' south latitude, and 34° 53' and 37'' 24'
west longitude. Its capital is Natal

96 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

PKOVINCE OF GOYAZ.

HOW BOUNDED.

This province lies between 6° and 21° 40' south,
latitude, and 44° 39' and 53° 29' west longitude
from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by
MaranhSo and Pard, the Manoel Alves Grande, the
Tocantins, and the Araguaya separating them ; on
the west by Mato Grosso, the Araguaya and the
Pardo being the dividing rivers ; on the south by
SSo Paulo and Minas Geraes, the Parand and Par-
nahiba parting them : and on the east by Minas
Geraes, Bahia and Piauhy, the line of division run-
ning along the Cordilhera, which has the various
names along its range of Serra dos Crystaes, Chapa-
da da St*. Maria, Serra da Tabatinga, and Serra das
Coroadas.

It has a length of 300 leagues from the con-
fluence of the Tocantins and Araguaya, to that of
the Pardo and Parand ; an extreme breadth of 120
leagues, and a superfice of about 21,000 square
leagues. Its capital is the city of Goyaz.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 97

PROVINCE OF PAEAHYBA.

HOW BOUNDED.

It lies between 6° 15' and 1^ 50' south latitude,
and 34° 36' and 37° 52' west longitude.

It is bounded on the north by Rio Grande, on
the west by Ceard,, on the south by Pemambuco,
and on the east by the Atlantic ocean. It contains
about 1,500 square leagues of surface.

PROVINCE OF PERNAMBUCO.

HOW BOITNDED.

This province is situated between the 6° 67' and
11° 3' south latitude, 34° 32' aud 41° 48' west
longitude.

It is bounded on the north by Parahyba and
Ceard, from which it is separated by the rivers
Abiahy and Popoco, and by the Serra das Im-
buranas ; on the north-west by Piauhy, the Serra da
Borborema being the boundary ; on the south by
Bahia and AJagdas, from which it is divided by the
rivers S. Francisco, Casanova, and Persinunga ; and
on the east by the Atlantic. Its extension along
its coast is 44 leagues ; westward from Cape Agos-
tinho to the Serra do Araripe 147 leagues, and its
area about 6,000 square leagues.

98 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

ALAGOAS.

HOW BOUin>ED.

This province lies between 8° 50' and 10® 15'
sonth latitude and 35° 6' and 37"^ 49' west longitude.
It is bounded on the north and west by Pernam-
buco, the dividing line being formed by the rivers
Persinunga, Una, Jacuipy and Taquard, the Serra
Pellada, and by the Moxoto, a tributary of the S,
Francisco ; on the south by the province of Sergipe,
being separated therefrom by the S. Francisco, and
on the east by the Atlantic. It has a seacoast ex-
tension of 56 leagues, and a superficies of 1,200
square leaguea

PROVINCE OF BAHIA.

HOW BOUNDED.

The province is situated between 9° 42' and 18^
12' south latitude, and 37° 9' and 46° 9' west
longitude. It is bounded on the north by Sergipe
and Pemambuco, being separated from the former
by the river Keal and from the latter by the S.
Francisco, on the west by Minas, Geraes and Goyaz,
the Serra dos Aimores dividing it from the first, and
the Serra da Tabatinga and Chapada da St. Maria,

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.c 99

from the last ; on the south by Espirito Santo, the
boundary being the Mucury, and on the east by the
Atlantic ocean. Its extent from north to south is
160 leagues, from east to west 180 leagues, and its
estimated area is 14,000 square leagues.

PROVINCE OF ESPIRITO SANTO.

HOW BOUNDED.

•

It lies between 1^° 57' and 21° 24' south latitude,
and 39° 17' and 42° 7' west longitude from Green-
wich. It is bounded on the north by Bahia, the
Mucury being the boundary ; on the west by Minas
Geraes, the Serras dos Aimores, dos Arrepiados, and
do Pico, and the river Preto dividing them ; on the
south by Rio Janeiro, the Itabapoana being the
separating river ; and on the east by the Atlantic.
It has a seacoast of 90 leagues, an average width of
24 leagues, and a superficial area of 1,400 square
leagues.

PROVINCE OF RIO DE JANEIRO.

HOW BOm^DED.

The territorial limits extend from 21*" 35' to 23''
25' south latitude, and from 40° 58' to 45° 1' west
longitude. It is bounded on the north by Espirito

100 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Santo, from wMcli it is separated by the river Ita-
bapuana; on the north and north-west by Minas
Geraes, separated therefrom by the rivers Preto and
Parahyba and by the mountains of Mantigueira, on
the south-west by the province of S. Paulo, and on
the south and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean.
The whole province contains about 2,400 square
leagues.

The capital is Nitherohy, but its foreign port is
Rio de Janeiro.

PROVINCE OF MATO GROSSO.

HOW BOUNDED.

This province lies between t° and 24° south
latitude, and 50"^ 4' and 65° 29' west longitude from
Geenwich. It is bounded on the north by Para and
Amazonas, the separating rivers being Vertentes,
Fresco, Aboary, Tres Barras, Tapajos, Oreguatus,
Machado, and Madeira : on • the west by Bolivia,
the Madeira, Paragati, Serra de Albuquerque, and
Paraguay forming the principal bounding lines,
on the south by Paraguay, the Appa, and the Serra
do Mara^ujii being the frontier ; and on the east by
Parand and Goyaz, the Parand, Pardo, Pitombas,
and Araguaya dividing the provinces. It has a

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 101

length of 340 leagues, a breadth of 300 leagues, and
a superficies of 51^000 square leagues.
The capital.is the city of Cuiabd.

PKOTOfGE- Q^ MINAS GERAES.

- • • • ' t,

HOT*" •boT!)i?teBp.

• « r-

It lies between 14° 30' amd*' ^2° .82'. south lati-
tude, and 39° 68' and 52° 3' west lobglljpie. It is
bounded on the north by Bahia, the chief .fioaSs
being formed by the Serra do Garao Mogul, the Rio,
Verde Grande, and the Carunhanha ; on the west
by Goyaz, the Chapada da St*. Maria, the Serra dos
Chrystaes, and the Pamahiba, dividing them ; on
the south by SSo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the
Rio Grande Serra de Lopo, Serra da Mantiqueira^
and the Parahyba, separating them; and on the
east by Espirito Santo, the Serras dos Pico, dos
Arrepiades, and Aimor^s being the boundary. It
is 150 leagues from north to south, and 220 from
east to west, and has an area of 20,000 square
leagues.

PROVINCE OF PARANA.

HOW BOITNDED.

It lies between 22° 18' and "^.T 83' south lati-
tude, and 4*7° 46' and 54° 35' west longitude. It is

102 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

bounded on the nortli-east and north by Sfio Patdo,
the Itarere, and Parand Panema separating them in
great part ; on the west by Mato Gwsso, Paraguay
and the Argentine Confederation, the; parand Iguas-
sti, S. Antonio, and Pipirygaads4 ^dividing them ;
on the south-east l:^:'St^•' Gatharina, the Timbo,
Serra do Mar, £Uid :Sahy, being the chief boun-
daries;, atid oh the east by the ocean. It is 100

« •> 4B ^

iQagqes long from north to south, 125 leagues from
.^:0l&i?*t6 west, and has an area of about 6,000 square
'leagues.

Its capital is Curitiba, and its port and custom-
house are at Paranagua.

PEOVINCE OF SAO PAULO.

HOW BOUNDED.

It lies between 20° and 25"^ 0' south latitude,
and 44° 18' and 63° 23' west longitude. It is
bounded on the north by Minas, the Serra da Man-
tiqueira, Serra do Lopo, and the Rio Grande sepa-
rating them on the west by Goyas and Mato Grosso,
and Parand dividing them ; on the south by Parand,
the Parana Panema and its tributary the Itar6re
forming the great part of the boundary ; and on the
south-east by the ocean. It is about 95 leagues

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION. 103

from north to south, 170 from east to west, and has
an area of about 11,000 square leagues.

The capital of the province is SSo Paulo, but its
custom-house and port for foreign commerce are at
Santos.

PKOVINCE OF SAO PEDRO DO SUL,

(otherwise)
RIO GRANDE DO SUL.

HOW BOUNDED.

This, the most southern province of the empire,
is situated between 27° 12' and SS"" 48' south lati-
tude, and 49° 36' and 57° 22' west longitude. It is
bounded on the south-east by the South Atlantic
Ocean ; on the north and north-east, by the rivers
Pleotas and Mampituba ; on the north-west by the
Uruguay; and on the south by the Banda Oriental,
the boundary line running along the Quarahy, the
Serra de St». Anna, the JaguarSo, and down the
eastern shore of Lake Mirim, to the mouth of the
little river Chuy, which empties into the ocean.
From east to west, the length is 128 leagues, from
north to south, 120 leagues, and its area is estimated
at 9,000 square leagues, of which fully two-thirds is
arable land.

104 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

PROVINCE OF ST\ CATHARESTA.

HOW BOUNDED.

This province is situated between 25° 55' and
29° 25' south latitude, and 48° 43' and 51° 41' west
longitude from Greenwich. It is bounded on tbe
east by the ocean ; on the north and north-west by
Parand, being separated therefrom by the river
Sahy, by an offshoot of the Serra Geral, and by the
river Timbo ; and on the south-west by Sao Pedro
do Sul, the rivers Pelotas and Mampituba forming
the dividing line. The estimated area is 2,200
square leagues.

CHAPTER IX.

OFFICIAL KEPORT NO. 1,' OF REV. BALLAED S. DUKN, OF
NEW ORLEANB, TO THE MTNISTER OF AaRIOULTURE
01^ THE VALLEYS OF THE ITAPEMIRIM AND ITABA-
POANA, PROVINCES OF ESPIRITO SANTO AND RIO DE
JANEIRO-

To His JExceUency the Minister of Agricvltv/re.

*
Sir : I have the honor to submit the following

report :

On the 9th of November Oommendador Carlos
Pinto de Figueiredo n^et me at Eua da Alfandega,
No. 31, and informed me that, in obedience to your
order, he would be ready on the 11th to accompany
myself and companions on a tour of inspection and
investigation, in the northern portion of the Province
of Rio de Janeiro, and also in the southern portion of
Espirito Santo. Accordingly, on the morning of
the 11th we embarked on board the coast packet
DiUgentey in charge of Commendador Figueiredo,
Mr. Henry Lewis acting in the capacity of inter-
preter for the expedition.
6*

106 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

On the following day, at 4 J p. m., we reached
the mouth of the pretty little river Itapemirim,
where we went ashore, and were hospitably received
and entertained for the night, by Sr. Antonio Ferre-
ira Marques de Abreu. In the warehouse at this
point we found considerable coffee, and some cot-
ton ; while on the beach we saw much rosewood
and other valuable timber awaiting shipment.
This, at the very threshold of our investigations,
was an earnest for the fertility of the soil in the in-
terior, as weU as the wealth of the virgin forest.

This river is navigable at all times, for large
canoes, to the first falls, some thirty miles from the
mouth, and for small steamers a good portion of the
year.

On the morning of the 13th, we ascended the
.river, in a kind of large yawl, to the village of Ita-
pemirim, situated one and a half mile from the
ocean. Here we met several Brazilian gentlemen
of rank and culture, who received us very agreeably,
and gave substantial proofs of the genuineness of
their hospitality, by offering us every facility for
prosecuting our journey, such as suitable animals,
experienced guides, etc. At this point we remained
two days, maturing our plans, examining maps, and
getting all the little minutiae ready for such an ex-
cursion.

OFFICIAL REPORT NO I. 107 j

While here I -visited the BUgar estate of CoL I
Joao Gomes, on the north side of the river, and wasi
greatly surprised at the size and richness of thai
cane. Notwithstanding the ueai* proximity of this }
plantation to the sea, the land should be classed i
the best of its kind, and second, only, to the best'l
character of soil.

It appears to be a coarse loam, in ■which decom- J
posed granite, and decayed vegetation, from the i
mountains, around, and above on this liver, are the
principal ingi-edients.

This planter uses no other implement than the \
broad hoe. As I walked over these favorably situ-
ated lands, the thought kept pressing itself upon
me, if they produce such cane under such a system^ j
what would they yield under all the appliances of «
improved cultm-e 1

From this point we made an early start on the
morning of the 15th, in a northerly direction, pa^- |
ing over a very rugged country, and at times very J
near the sea, until we reached the meagre little vil^ ]
li^e of Orebo, situated on theKio Novo, but a short j
distance from the coast, and about fifteen miles from 1
■■Itapemirim. Here we breakfasted, and after resting J
a while, crossed the Rio Novo, and bore off westward ]
up one of its branches, called Iconha.

After traversing a very fertile region, abouuding j

BiC.

108 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

inmoimtains, beautiM cascades, rivulets, andsprings,
we reached the large coffee fazenda of Sr. Ro-
docanachi, known as Montebello, Here we were
politely received, and entertained, by the proprietor
and his accomplished lady, who made her appear-
ance in the parlor and at table, suprising ns very
much by speaking English quite fluently.

This fazenda is beautifiilly situated, on the
prancing, playful little river Iconha ; now leaping
over a precipice of several feet, now gliding away
into the deep, dark foliage that overhangs its smil-
ing face, as , if to hide from observation, and now
dividing, as if in a great hurry to see which half
should beat the other round some little islet, that'
seemed for the moment the object of its coquettish
attentions. I have never enjoyed any scenery more
than that through which we passed from Orebo to
Montebello. It burst upon us like a joyful surprise.
The mountains that towered above on either side of
the stream, presenting a most inviting soil of a deep,
dark vermilion hue, covered with gigantic trees of
the useful and ornamental woods ; while the ever
varying parasites, that hang upon the trees, the
vines, and the luxuriant undergrowth, made one
almost feel and believe that the hands of sylphs have
been about, festooning and rendering still more
^leasing^ nature's exceedingly pleasing works. Add

OFFICIAL REPORT NO, I. 109

to all tHs, the sweet murmuring of many waters,
enlivened by the witching notes of Brazil's own
mocking birds; and whose ear so dull, or whose
heart so heavy as not to respond to nature's rich
and vaiied song ?

From this fazenda we retraced our steps some
ccn miles, then took a southerly direction, until
we reached the Rio Novo proper, where we bi-
vouacked for the night, in the little colony known
as Colony Eio Novo. For several miles before
reaching this point, we traversed an extremely rough,
yet fertile region. The lands belong chiefly to the
Imperial Government, but much labor will have to
be expended in making roads before it can be rend-
ered available for culture. This part of the country
is chiefly suitable for growing coffee. The next
morning, the 17th, we continued our southerly course,
until we reached the splendid coffee fazenda of
Major Caetano, crossing mountains, rivulets, and
everliving springs, in our journey to this hospitable
gentleman's residence. Here we were received in
true Brazilian style, refreshments for the body, and
an intellectual feast for the mind, in the way of a
running account of such things as we came here to
learn. This gentleman's lands are of the best qual-
ity for coffee culture, and immense in quantity.
There is a water power on his estate sufficient to

110 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

propel a very great amount of machinery, and lum-
ber enough, if properly sawn and used, to build a
city. He showed us also a "grata," or sort of
cavern, in which his people, some forty in number,
took shelter while opening the fazenda.

It is a remarkable opening, at the base of the
mountain, in the large masses of granite that lie
scattered around. To Major Caetano we are in-
debted for a choice troop of horses, on first setting
out from Itapemirim, for which he has our sincere
thanks. Having remained over night we repaired
the next morning, the 18th, to Cachoeira, a distance
of about seven miles.

Cachoeira is the new and thriving village at
the head of navigation on the Itapemirim. Here
we were warmly received by two young gentlemen
engaged in the mercantile business at this point,
who were friends, in their boyhood days, of our
Commendador, in the Province of Minas. Their
names are Monteiro da Gama and Carvalho; to
these gentlemen we are indebted for much polite-
ness and attention, which we hope some time to be
able to return. This town, in my judgment, is des-
tined, at no distant day, to become a place of some
importance, situated as it is, at the head of naviga-
tion, and in the midst of a very large and fertile dis-
trict of country. There is nothing lacking but an

, EEPORT HO. L

energetic population, wlio can, and will develop the
resources of that region, to make it grow andflomish
as a centre of trade. At Caclioeira we remained
dming Saturday, the 18th, and Sunday the 19th.

On Monday we visited the fazenda St". Theresa,
owned and conducted by Lieut. CoL Werneck, late
of the Brazilian army. This splendid country seat
IB situated some twelve miles south of Cachoeira,
and, as I sujipose, midway between the rivers Itar
pemirim and Itabapoana. It is on a beautiful riv-
ulet, suri'ounded by gigantic mountains, that stand
like 80 many grim sentinels, keeping guard over the
" sweet home " of refinement, and the fruitful fazeuda
that nestle at their feet. Col. "Werneck is a gentle-
man of the olden school, and dispenses a magnificent
hospitality, in the olden style; reminding me, almost
painfully, of the palmy days of my own native Vir-
ginia, now gone, I fear, nevennore to return.

On the afteraoon of the 22d, we returned to
Cochoeira, and the next morning took up our line
of march tor the head waters of the Itapemirim ;
passing up on the south side untU we reaehed a fa-
zenda known as Duas Bairas, where we halted and
took dinner.

From Cachoeira to Duaa Barras, some
miles, the country is very beautiful and fertile,
bining the ricKeat water scenes, and the moat

1
I

e tea ^^H

com- ^^M

peace- ^H

112 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

fill looking valley landscapes, with towering moun-
tains, on either side, spreading out to view very en-
ticing coffee lands. Here we spent the afternoon
and night very pleasantly, crossed the river just be-
low the junction of two streams which form the Ita.
pemirim, and continued on up the Kio Castello, on
the north side, until we reached the fazenda Pruc-
tiera, situated on the north side of the Castello.
Prom Duas Barras to this point, is about twelve
miles, over a rugged, but extremely fertile country,
nearly all of which is suitable for cultivation, par-
ticularly fitted for growing grapes and coffee.

At this fazenda we spent the night. The next
morning, mounting early, we moved off rapidly over
excellent soil, until we reached Fim do Mundo, a
distance of about twelve miles.

This valuable estate is owned by a widowed
daughter of the proprietor of Duas Barras. Here
we took breakfast . and spent the heat of the
day, and after a long ride, of perhaps fifteen
miles, reached the fazenda St. Quereno, owned
and conducted by the very intelligent and scientific
Dr. Antonio Olinto Pinto Coelho da Cunha. He is,
also, an old friend of Oommendador Pigueiredo, from
the Province of Minas. He was formerly engaged
in mining for gold in that Province, but came to the
conclusion, that the surest way to obtain a rich

OmCIAL REPORT VO. I. 113

yield of tie precious metal, was to briag bis ala'
down to tlie clioice lands of Espirito Santo, and
open a coffee fazenda He did so, and is succeeding
remarkably well. It is worthy of remark, too, that
he employs little or no corporeal punishments
among his slaves ; believing that kind, firm ti'eat-
ment, giving them plenty to eat, is the surest way
to get them to perform their duty in that state of
life which it has pleased God to call them, and
for which these chUd people were created. The
Dr. seemed much amused at our fondness for sugar
and cotton culture, and remarked : " A short resi-
dence in the country will cause you to transfer your
affections to the great staple of Brazil." It is his
decided opinion, that the culture of coffee is th»
most remunerative channel into which labor can be
turned. In this I would be obliged to agree with
him, if the mode of culture is to remain the same.
That is, the mountain side shall continue to be
Bcraped by no other implement than the broad hoej
while the level plains lie idle, or are only used as
grazing grounds for the surplus stock of the planta-
tion. But let these level lands be torn up by the
fertilizing plow ; let the numerous old logs and
stumps that cumber the ground be removed, so
that not a stalk nor a plant shall be wussinj
these money yielding mountains wiU soon find

ing, and ^^
ind conir^^H

114 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

petitors, in all that is useful, in the unpretending
plains that now lie, unnoticed and uncared for, at
their feet.

Prom this fazenda we moved forward, on the
25th, to Povoagfio, distant about four miles, on the
head waters of Castello. This is another choice cof-
fee fazenda in the midst of rugged mountains, and
is the property of the hospitable Capt. Jose Vieira
Machado ; who gave us a most whole-souled wel-
come, and entered heartily into^ our views and
wishes. In these comfortable quarters we remained
two days, during which time it rained almost inces-
santly. While here we visited a very remarkable
cavern, a brief description of which, I will here give ;
irrelevant though it may seem, in such a report as I
am now making. It is situated one mile from the
fazenda, and is entered by climbing up the side of
a very steep mountain, about one thousand feet
above the little valley that lies below. The
entrance is an immense aperture in the side of the
mountain, large enough for one hundred persons to
stand, and look out upon the surrounding country,
while they would be entirely sheltered by the huge
diff that projects at the cavern's mouth. After get-
ting inside, it becomes irregular, and assumes the
appearance of a vast suite of chambers, connected by
numerous passages, some of them so low, that we

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. 115

were obliged to crawl, to get througli. But once
through, from one, into another, the grand and novel
sight, of these stately vaulted halls, not made with
hands, amply repays the toil of getting there.
Many were the pleasant thoughts that soothed my
mind, while traversing this subterranean abode of
man and beast, in company with these remote de-
scendants of the Latins ; whose kindness and gener-
ous hospitality to me, a Christian Priest, beautifully
contrasts with the fierceness of their fathers, of six-
teen centuries ago, who drove the Christians of that
age, to take refuge in caverns, similar to the one in
which we then held pious converse, and mutually
glorified the Great and Good God for the magni-
tude of his works. At one point we came upon an
exceeding great shelf, or vault, which has at some
remote time been the general cemetery of the abor-
igines of this country.

For there lie skeletons, grinning in their ghast-
liness, in great numbers, while the depth of dust
upon their resting place, fully attests that the de-
cree ; " Dust thou art, and to dust thou shalt re-
turn," has been fulfilled upon thousands in this
cavern. As I gazed upon this scene of death long
past, I felt a desire to write, over these poor sons of
the forest, that comforting saying of our. Saviour,
with which the burial service begins: "I am the

116 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB S0I7THEKNEB&

resurrection and the life, saitli the Lord ; he that
believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he
liva"

Captain Machado gave us much valuable in-
formation as to the manner in which those fazendas
in that part of Espirito Santo were first opened.
For, according to his account, in that portion of the
province of Minas, from which they nearly all came,
about fourteen years ago, they began to feel them-
selves crowded; and when they began to look
around for lands upon which to settle their children,
they found such lands were not to be had. So a
considerable number of them, who were of the same
way of thinking, agreed that they would remove
into the province of Espirito Santo.

Upon reaching the fine coffee lands were they
now live, in such luxury, they all went to work, and
opened one common fazenda, to which they gave
the name of Centro. Here they built and planted ;
and, from this common centre, in a few years have
grown some of the most desirable fazendas in the
Province.

Prom Povoa§ao, on the morning of the 29tli,
with Captain Machado at the head of the colimm,
we were up and away for Centro ; the original head
quarters, of which he had spoken so mucL On
reaching, this mangnificent fazenda, we were very

OFFICIAL EEPOET NO. I. 117

kindly received, by the proprietor Major Machado
da. Cunlia, who is a quiet dignified gentleman, well
advanced in years.

Here, as at all our stopping places, we were made
to feel ourselves entirely at home. We had been but
a short time under the tiles when the rain sat in
afresh. On reaching Major da Cunha's, we learned
that it would be impossible to traverse, or even
penetrate, the large tract of government land that
lies on the head waters of the Grandti, a tributary
of the Rio Doce. This was a grievous disappoint-
ment, as we had every reason to believe that there
is a very desirable tract of land in that locality.
But the obstacle that here presented itself was such
as our brief time would not permit us to overcome.
The time and labor requisite to open roads, or even
paths such as we would gladly have crept through,
to see these lands, placed the matter beyond our
control.

After collecting all the information attainable
on the subject, my conclusion is, that what we would
have seen on the Grandti, would have been almost
a repetition of what we had seen and examined on
the head waters of the Itapemirim.

At Centro we remained two days, and wiere
very agreeably entertained by the hospitable in-
mates of the spacious mansion, which has arisen

118 BBAZIL THE HOME FOE SOUTHEBNBES.

upon the site of the wigwams of fourteen years ago.
After a free consultation on the morning of the
29th, we deemed it best to retrace our steps to
Duas Barras, on the Itapemirim, which point we
reached on the 30th, where our reception and en-
tertainment on our return was of like character
with that which we received as we passed up.

Eemaining at Duas Barras over night, we pur-
sued our journey up the south side of the main
branch of the Itapemirim, on the morning of De-
cember the 1st, reaching Bananal, a distance of
seven miles, where ytb took breakfast. The lands
from Duas Barras to Bananal are very desirable.

They are equally fertile with those on the
northern branches of the same river, while their
position is more favorable for improved culture.

The mountains are less rugged, the hills more
gentle and rounded, the streams quite as frequent,
and the valleys larger. Altogether the change is a
pleasing one. This proprietor has a fine water
power, and a very creditable mill in operation.

Having finished breakfast, we continued our
journey up the river until we reached fazenda Bar-
tholomeu, where we remained over night.

The next morning, December 2d, after a de-
lightful ride of three miles, over lands that are per-
fectly lovely, we stopped to breakfast at one of the

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. I. IW

most higHy improved fazendas in all that part of
the country. It is known as Felicio de Lacerdo.
The young man who received us, showed himself a
gentleman, both in instinct and culture. On this
estate we met with the first herd of cattle that we
had seen during the journey. Every planter has a
few head, but not enough to be called a herd.
This gentleman has near two hundred head, many
of them the improved breeds from Europe. We
moved forward, the next morning, December 3d,
after a most agreeable entertainment, to the village
of Alegre, where we halted and obtained a guide to
conduct us on our journey ; which now lay through
a region not much traversed. Alegre is a cleanly
looking little place, situated very prettUy on some
smaU hiUs in the midst of very fertUe lands.

After resting an hour or two, taking coffee,
mounting our new guide, cfec, we were off again, up
and down, over the mountains and some very
rugged country, until we reached a pretty little fa-
zenda called Cafe. Here we spent the night ; took
an early start the next morning, wound our way
through some of the very best lands we had yet
seen, and, at about 3 o'clock, brought up at the
appropriately named fazenda Cachoeira Bonita. At
this point we found the proprietor, Jos6 Francisco
Furtado, a very inteUigent man, buUding a new

120 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

house of large dimensions, into the finished portion
of which he received us cordially. After a thorough
examination, we came to the conclusion that, naifUr
rdU/y^ his is the most beautiful situation we had
ever seen. The mountains on either side, slope
gently down, terminating in a beautiful valley be-
tween them. In the midst of this valley, there is a
mound, or island, about fifty feet high, containing
near five acres, as graceful and equal all round, as if
thrown up, and shapen by the hand of man. The
little rivulet Cacado, upon which the fazenda is sit-
uated, as it flows against the island, divides, and,
flowing equally round, the halves rejoin each other,
moving joyously through the verdant foliage and
fragrant flowers in the peaceful vale below ; remind-
ing one of a wedding scene ,where two loving souls
are united in holy wedlock's bonds, and set out
afresh on life's hopeful voyage.

Leaving a region where nature has bestowed
such abundant charms, the next morning, Decem-
ber 5th, we soon reached the little village SSo
JoSo Cacado ; where we halted for a short time to
make some enquiries about roads, animals, etc.
Pushing forward through rain and mud, we reached
a very extensive establishment, which, if we judge
by the amount of land once in cultivation, has been
at one time an important fazenda. But now every-

OFFICIAL BEPOBT NO. I. 121

tMng bears evident signs of decay. The aged
widow of the former proprietor, received us very
kindly, and did everything in her power to make
us comfortable. The country through which we
passed, on our way to this fazenda, from Cachoeira
Bonita, most of which is in a state of nature ; is
truly rich, truly beautifiil. Breakfasting with our
worthy hostess, on the morning of December 6th,
we mounted, and afber a ride of seven miles, reached
the ferry on the Itabapoana, at the village of Bom
Jesti.

At Bom Jesti, we were very much delighted at
a little exhibition of good feeling, on the part of the
citizens, towards our excellent friend, Commendador
Figueiredo. We had no sooner put foot on the
south side of the river, than up went a shower of
rockets ; followed by other and larger reports, which
continued until we reached our hotel. His modesty
on the occasion was truly refreshing. As we walked
across the square, amid the rapid reports of bursting
rockets, he turned to me, and remarked in very good
English, most of which he has learned on this
journey: ^The people are content to seethe Amer-
icans come.' Thus giving to others, the honors in-
tended for himself. We soon discovered that he is
looked upon by the inhabitants on this river, as a

public benefactor, and treatied with marked respect

122 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNERS.

on all occasions. His successfdl efforts in opening
this valuable river to steam navigation, have justly
endeared him to the people.

At Bom Jesti, we remained five days, during
wMcli time Commendador Kgueiredo visited his
aged father, some fifteen miles higher up the river.
This village is small and insignificant at present,
but situated in the midst of lands which if occupied
and cultivated, would soon develop it into a pros-
perous inland town. During our stay here, we were
the guests of Sr. Carlos Rociques Firmo, a brother
in law of our Commendador.

He and his truly estimable lady entertained the
party very pleasantly. I have rarely seen any one
of so much excellence, and yet, withal, so imobtru-
sive as this lady. From here we made a start, on
the 11th of December, down the Itabapoana, reach-
ing Fortaleza, a large and flourishing fazenda, owned
by Jos6 Carlos de Campos, who gave us comfortable
quarters for the night.

The proprietor has a large and excellent tract
of land, nearly all of which is susceptible of im-
proved culture.

On the morning of the 12th we resumed our
journey coasi^tise, reaching, late that afternoon, the
fezenda SSo Pedro, one mile above the head of navi-
gation on the Itabapoana, at the mouth of a little

OFFICIAL BEPORT NO. I. 123

river bearing the same name. At this point we
found much the largest and most expensive residence
I have seen in the interior, in process of erection.
The main building is 40 by 80 feet, vdth wings run-
ning back 70 feet ; intended to enclose a large court
for flowers, etc. The 80 feet front, overlooks the
river, which, for more than a mile, forms, together
with the verdant valley through which it winds, all
closed in by the lofty mountains covered with im-
mense trees and every species of parasite, a land-
scape of unusual attra<5tiveness.

Early on the morning of December 13th, we
mounted and rode down to Limeira, a little village
situated at the head of navigation on the Itaba-
poana.

Breakfasting here, we got ready to embark on
board the little steamer Itc^apocma^ which was to
bear us hence to the ocean. In looking about this
viUage, and making inquiry, I found that the amount
of coffee here shipped for Rio de Janeiro, or rather
to the mouth of the river there to be transhipped,
was very considerable. The question occurred to
'me, while making these investigations, if the com-
merce of this little river has already reached this
magnitude, with the present sparse and unsystematic
population ; what will it be, when thoroughly oc-
cupied by a population who tise all the applianoes
of improved culture ?

124 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

At 3 o'clock, we went on board, and steamed
down the river some five miles, when we stopped
and put np for the night, at Sr. A. Guera's splendid
fazenda. Here we met with every attention, on the
part of the proprietor, who made us feel altogether
at home.

The lands from Limeira to within ten miles of
the coast, a distance of thirty miles, are of the best
quality. Their position is far more desirable than
any I had seen up to that time.

The valleys are wider, varying from one to three
miles, and terminating in gentle acclivities, all of
which seem to invite the husbandman to a fruitful
home, and these in turn losing themselves in the
stately and graceful mountains, that rise up between
the Itapemirim and the Itabapoana, on the north,
and the Itabapoana and the Parahyba, on the south.
As I gazed upon this magnificent prospect, and felt
my heart warm with real delight in the contempla-
tion ; and at the thought of new homes for old loves,
I imagine my feelings, in contrasting the valley of
the Itabapoana, with that of the more rugged, yet
very fertile Itapemirim, were somewhat similar to
what we may suppose would be those of a great
admirer of female beauty ; who should gaze upon
the charms of a mountain maiden, famed for her
beauty, yet with a somewhat stately and severe as-

OFFICIAL REPOBT NO. I. 125

pect, with features inclining to tlie aquiline ; and
then, as she moves majestically away, cast his eyes
upon another of Grecian mould, with the exquisite
graces of refinement and ennobling culture super-
added.

On the morning of the 14th, we went on board
the little steamer, that lay chafing at the landing, as
if impatient to have us come, and then gliding pleas-
antly down the placid little Itabapoana, reached the
village at its mouth, bearing the same name, at 3
o'clock p. M. This day's travel was through the
centre of what is known as the Jesuit tract ; which
was the first body of land large enough, and level
enough, for homes for those for whom I pioneer. If
the Imperial Government of Brazil, could see its
way clear, to introduce our people into this portion
of the Empire, under circumstances favorable to
those whose aching hearts have been riven by the
dread horrors of war ; I humbly believe that the
benefit would be mutual within a few years. The
same broad acres, which now lie idle, producing
nothing of profit, would become a jGniitfol source o^
revenue ; and, at the same time, the happy home oi
a brave, honorable, peace loving people. Here we
could relate the story of our disasters to our children,
and teach them, that a government to be just and
equitable^xnx\Bi he permanent and etable; and not the

126 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

creature of caprice, to be changed by every popular
gust of passion. This tract, however, has an objec-
tion, which is this : it is too accessible to an invad-
ing force from the coast, in case of war. This will
seem to the peaceful Brazilians, a remote contin-
gency, against which to be guarding. So it would
have seemed to us, five years dgo. But sad exp©;
rience has taught us, that great advantages, in the
way of accessibility, carry with them dangers of cor-
responding magnitude. If I were permitted to
choose between this tract, and another of equal value,
more remote from the operations of gunboats, I
would certainly prefer the safe locality.

At the mouth of this river, as also at the head
of navigation, in the capacious warehouses of the
Navigation Company, we found much produce wait-
ing shipment. Here, too, we saw much rosewood
and valuable ship timber in process of preparation
for shipment.

On the morning of the 15th, we mounted choice
saddle horses, furnished by the polite, and accom-
modating Major Edward de Oliveira, and bore off
southward, along the coast to S. Joao's bar, at the
mouth of the Parahyba, a distance of twenty-five
miles. Twenty miles of this journey was made on
horse-back, the remaining five in a large canoe,
down one of the lagoons that empty into the Para-

ornoiAL REPORT so. I. 127

Lyba, at tlie Barra de S. Jo^o, Finding here, that
we could not return to the capital before -the 20th,,
our energetic Commendador resolved to shew u8
the good city of Campos, and the valley below.

The town of Barra de S. Joao, contains a pop-
ulation of about four thousand. But the place
beara evident signs of decay. This the inhabitants
ascribe to the more rapid growth, and gi'eater pros-
perity of Campos, forty-five miles up the river.
Why the growth of an interior city should impede
the prosperity of one on the coast, with the advan-
tage of being favorably situated for light draught
ehip building ; and, at the same time, the entrepot
through which all commerce is obliged to pass,
I could not undei'stand. Here we found two new
Bchoonei-8 on the stocks, and several old ones under-
going repairs. There was also much ship timber at
the bar.

On the aftemooon of tlie 16th, we went on
board the little river packet Ageiite, and steamed
away for Campos. We had not gone far when the
extreme loveliness of the landscapes, as we glided
through them, caught tJie attention of the whol
party. The placid, gently flowing Parahyba, with.
its many enchanting islands, clothed in perpetual,
verdure, resembling so many emerald stones, in one
vast setting of silver ; with faaenda after fazenda,

-" -'"^

128 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

abounding in the most luxuriant growth of every-
thing that a fertUe soU, a .salubrious climate, and an
eternal summer can produce; spreading- out their
vast extent to the admiring gaze of the delighted
voyager, and the whole girt about with the mellow
chain of mountains beyond, with occasionally a lofty
peak, rearing its towering head, as if to pierce the
very heavens ; all conspire to form, as it were, a
panoramic view of rare and exceeding beauty.

While in Campos, we visited the fine sugar
estate of Commendador JuliSo Ribeiro Cast6o, a
very public spirited gentleman, one mile from the
city. This plantation is finely situated, and the
most advanced in the mode of culture that I have
seen while on this tour. It was here that we met
with the first plow. His sugar house, distillery,
&c., are very creditable to the establishment.

On the 19th, we returned on the steamer
Agentey to Barra de S. Joao ; where we went on
board the coast-packet Oeres^ only to find, at ' the
moment of starting, that the boat had too much
cargo to cross the bar, and that we would have to
lie over twenty-four hours for the rising of the tide.
On the 20th, at a J to 4, we steamed out of the har-
bor, and had a delightful run, of about twenty hours,
to the Capital. Very re^ectfally.

Your obedient Servant,
Ballard S. Dujstn.

CHAPTEK X.

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. 2. OF REV. BALLARD S. DTJNNy
OF NEW ORLEANS, TO THE MINISTER OF AGRICUL-
TURE, ON A PORTION OF THE PROVINCE OF SAN
PAULO.

Illustrious Sir: I have the honor to submit
the following report of my second tour of observa-
tion. On the 9 th of January, I embarked on board
the coast-packet, " D. Affonso," supposing we should
leave at 3 p. m., as advertised ; but from some cause
we did not go until the next day at 9 a. m. After
a most unpoetical voyage, in a slow, and comfortless
steamer, we reached Cananea on the afternoon of
the 13th at 5 p. m. Here I found Sr. Ernesto D.
Street, Inspector General of Public Lands; who
promptly forwarded your Excellency's orders to
Director Smith, at his residence, twelve miles in-
terior, in the Colony of CananeA, who as promptly
obeyed; reporting at my lodgings, early on the
6*

130 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHiBBNEBS.

morning of the 15th, with the gratifying ihteUi.
gence that he was ready, with good animals, to
conduct me to the colony, and farther, when
desired.

Duing the two days that I remained in the vil-
lage of CananeA, I obtained some very curious in-
formation. I believe it is not generally known, that
this, next to St. Vincent's, some distance north on
the coast, is the oldest European settlement in the
Western Hemisphere. It is matter of record, that
the Portuguese landed here in 1535, and at that
early date gave to the island the name of Canane^,
or Canaan. The church here is very ancient, being
now in its two hundred and sixty-fifth year. The
island of Cananea .is about sixteen miles long by
five miles wide. It has one mountain, several
springs of excellent water, and the soil in places
produces well under a poor system of cultura
The harbor is excellent, but the village is insig-
nificant, and in a very delapidated condition. The
inhabitants subsist chiefly on fish and rice, with a
little fat pork and dried beef.

On the 15th I repaired to the Colony of Cana-
nea in company with Director Smith. Our road
thither was, most of the way, through the lands of
the colony. After getting some four miles from
the coast, the distance which the poor lands of the

WnOUL MPOBT Ha IL 131 1

Bearshore here extend, we laegan to pass through j
a more fertile region. The colonial road, a short J
distance from the coast, ci'osses the little river j
Itapetanga, which flows though the colony from I
west to east. This road is up the main branch of I
the Itapetajiga to its source; thence across the I
mountain, which divides the waters of the Pinda. I
vina — a tributary of the Garahu, from those of |
the Itapetanga, and on down the rivulet Pinda- j
yina, to the western extiemity of the colony. I

It i\ in places a tolerable roatl, for pack mules ; I
and in other places might be very much improved 1
by a little labor judiciously expended ; but a large J
portion of it will require much labor, and BomM
good engineering, to render it passalile for wagouaS
and carriages. As I traversed this colony iafl
various directions, in company with the Du'ector, 1
and spoke of its susceptibility of improvement, I
Mb reply was: "A general can do nothing with- j
out soldiers." The application, to my mind, was 1
obvious. He is there with a few superannuated ]
men, most of them verging towards three score I
yeai-s, who are poor in the extreme ; who, if ever 1
they had any aspirations after a better estate, 1
have lost them entirely. This reminds me, thatl
I have found, by observation, in South America;.!
as in North America, that vicious Europeans, anw

132 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

not improved morally, intellectually, nor indtusk
trially by emigration. On the contrary, they
easily fall into the indolent habits of the more
virtuous and ingenuous natives of the lower
classes. The fruitfiilness of Brazil is such, that
they can subsist almost without exertion; there-
fore they cease to perform that labor, which neces-
sity, in their native land, rendered compulsory.

The soil throughout this colony, is very pecu-
liar. In places it has the compact, adhesive qual-
ity of the best vermilion-colored earth, but of a
greyish, ashy color. It appears to rest upon a
uniform bed of yellowish clay. Loose boulders are
to be found of detached pieces of granite; also
a hard, flinty gravel appears in places on the sur-
face. I noticed, too, in many places, a soft kind
of quartz, resembling very much a soiled mass of
alum.

On the 17th Inspector-General Street detailed
Sr. Manoel Cunha Sampaio, an engineer of the
commission, and a Brazilian gentleman of educa-
tion and refinement, to accompany me farther into
the interior, in the capacity of engineer and inter-
preter. Accordingly, on the morning of the 18th,
Sr. Sampaio joined me in the colony, and we sat
out for the Colony of Pariquera, passing up the
Itapetanga, crossing the mountain, which separates

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. n. 133

its waters from those of the Garahli, and down the
rivulet Pindavina, to where it falls into the Garahli.
Here we stopped to breakfast, at Mr. Francisco
Cavier's, after a morning-ride of twelve miles.
Breakfast despatched, we took a canoe, and de-
scended the Garahli to its confluence with the
Jacupiranga — -a distance of six miles, then on
down the Jacupiranga to Botujurd — a kind of
trading post and fazenda, where we put up for the
night. The lands of the Garahti and Jacupiranga
are very fertile : better suited, however, for the cul-
ture of sugar cane and tobacco, than for the staple
products of the country. The river bottoms are
generally very level, and somewhat subject to over-
flow ; but I believe these overflows to be of such
short duration as not to prove detrimental to the
growing crops. At any rate, I noticed a fine field
of com, through which the water passed to the
depth of two feet several days before, which
seemed to have sustained no injury, but rather to
have been invigorated by the irrigation.

On the morning of the 19th, we resumed our
voyage down the Jacupiranga, reaching Hilde-
brande, a fazenda on the river, at 9 p. m., where we
spent the night. At this point my suspicions that
these lower river lands are subject to a sort of low,
malarious fever, were confirmed. I examined a

184 BRAZIL THE HOKE FOB SOUTHERNERS.

boy here, who suffers fix)m what the physiciaiifl
term " enlargement of the spleen," but better known
throughout the miasmatic districts of the United
States, to the common people, as " ague-cake.'' That
many of their trifling ailments, and much of the tal-
low-facedness that we see, are due to their habits,
and the meagre diet upon which they subsist, there
can be no doubt.

On the morning of the 20th, we were again in
our canoe, darting swiftly down the Jacupiranga,
which soon carried us out on the broad, blue face
of the deep, majestic Ribeira. Down the Ribeira
we glided smoothly, reaching the town of Iguape at
9 P. M. Iguape is beautifully situated on an island,
formed by Mar Pequeno, or Little Sea, the river
Ribeira, and an artificial canal, which connects the
river with Mar Pequeno. If we were to judge by
the immense fleet of canoes that line this splendid
beach, and the numerous stores, and shops that are
open, the commerce of Iguape is by no means in-
significant; but, upon close examination I have
found it very trifling. While here, I went up on
the Mount of View, an elevation of some two thou-
sand feet above the level of the sea, and there I
found that it had been appropriately named ; for
the view is one of the grandest I have yet enjoyed
in this land of the magnificent and sublime. The

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. H. 135

mountain is situated near the centre of the island.
From its summit I could see the placid Mar Peque-
no, stretching out fifty mUes,, separating from the
mainland Ilha do Mar, or Island of the Sea — ^vary-
ing in width from one to two mUes — covered all
over with everliving green — ^lying amiably, but
firmly there — opposing a quiet yet effective barrier
to the farther progress of the mighty Atlantic —
forming part of a picture over which the Christian's
eye will ever wander with almost inexpressible de-
light. But when I extended my gaze beyond the
island, far out upon the broad expanse, which now
spreads out for many dreary thousands of miles,
between this land of hope, and that which gave me
birth, I could not repress the heart swelling, as I
thought of the dear ones beyond where those dark,
blue waters roll. Turning a little, I could look
down on the busy town of Iguape, which lies snug-
ly in at the foot of the mountain. Everything be-
low wore the appearance of a gala-day. Bell-ring-
ing, drums, sky-rockets, banners, and processions'
were the order of the day : for that was the feast
of St. Sebastian. Turning still farther, my eyes
rested upon the blue mountains- of peaceful
Brazil, far away interior, where many a silver
rivulet sweetly winds between, and many a lovely
valley spreads out its soul-inspiring landscapes,

136 BRAZIL THB HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

inviting to a land of comfort, my own distressed
countrymen, tliousands of whom, I humbly trust,
'will at no very distant day, there bivouac, and learn
to call it homa

On the afternoon of the 20th we had every-
thing ready for an early start the next morning,
when very unexpectedly Dr. Gaston, of South Caro-
lina, arrived from Xiririca, and being engaged in a
similar work, we thought it best I should defer
leaving one day, that we might compare notes, and
each get the benefit of the other's experience. Most
of the 21st was so occupied. Dr. Gaston is a high-
ly cultivated, candid, sensible man, and his notes
evince the fact that he is an accurate observer.

On the 2 2d we left Iguape, and toiled up the
Ribeira to the mouth of the little river Pariquera,
where we arrived late in the evening, and stopped
for the night. On the morning of the 24th, we
commenced the ascent of the Pariquera, which we
found a crooked, muddy little stream, deep enough
for navigation when swollen as at that time, but
too shallow for anything but small canoes when
low, according to the account of those who reside
upon its banks. Late in the afternoon we reached
a bluff on the river, and niade our arrangements to
spend the night. This bluff is owned and occupied
by an old mulatto man, who has a large family of

omawu BBPCHti no. n.

little children, and who treated us very kindly.
We hired him to accompany us the nest day, to the ■
Colony of Pariquera, where we arrived at 3 o'clock, 1
p. M, on the 25th. Dr. Sampaio and myself got out
of the canoe at the lower line of the colony and
walked across ita lands to the nucleus — some six
miles, the better to judge of the character of the i
soil. The lands of this colony are similar to those '
of Cananea, but inferior in quality. The buUdinga
put up by the government are very large and com-
modious. There are three, all of the same dimen-
sions — about seventy-five by thirty-five feet, and in |
a good state of preservation. Should emigrants \
elect to go there, they will find ample shelter for a I
lai^e number. As for myself, I am convinced that I
neither the locality, nor the quality of the soU, |
would suit our people. There are already some I
thii'ty families of squatters on these lands.

It was here I saw a great ciu'iosity in the way
of a plow. It is very large, very clumay, and as
nearly as I can judge, after the pattern in use in,
Europe two centuries ago. This plow has a cast I
plate nailed to the beam, marked, " Paris." I should I
"be sorry to have Brazilians judge of the utility of I
plows, by a trial of this one. On the morning of I
the 26th we commenced the descent of the Pari- 1
quera, reaching a fazenda bearing the name of Vin- J

188 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

cent's, late in the afternoon. Here we remained
over night. Vincent's is the most desirable locality
I saw on the Pariquera River. It is owned by
Mrs. Maria Gongalves de Mangxmca, a widow lady,
who treated us very hospitably.

Leaving this point early on the morning of the
27th, we reached the month of the river, in time to
ascend the Ribeira one league, where we got lodg-
ings for the night with a colored man, who owns
several thousand acres of valuable land, but sub-
sists chiefly upon fish, taken from the Ribeira, and
rice raised upon a small field not yet enclosed. Up
the Ribeira we toiled all day of the 28th, reaching
Ponta Grossa late at night. The 29th was spent at
Ponta Grossa, examining this magnificent estate ;
magnificent, I mean, in its undeveloped resources.
First, I inspected a field of cotton on the south side
of the river, containing, I suppose, about eighty
acres. This cotton is from imported North Amer-
ican seed, is now about five months old, and, as a
general thing, about five feet high. It is well filled
with blooms and bolls, some of the latter beginning
now to^open.

I am sorry to be obliged to note almost a fetal
mistake in the planting and management of this
cotton. In North America it would prove entirely
fatal. First of all, the ground is new. Having

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. U. 139

been cleared, or rather chopped and burnt off, just
previous to planting. No plow has yet been used,
either in preparing the soil or cultivating the cot-
ton. But the slaves have taken the cotton seed,
just as the North American Indians take com, and
after opening a small orifice in the virgin soil, placed
the seed carefolly in, and then raked a little soil
upon it. When the young plants were up, and the
weeds began to grow, they went in with broad
hoes, and, scraping from the plant, cleared away
the weeds. Here the culture has ended : so that
the cotton stands in the middle of a considerable
depression, instead of upon an elevation of eight or
ten inches above the general level, as its health and
maturity require.

As a consequence, I noticed that the lower bolls,
which are entirely excluded from a free circulation
of the air, are inclined to rot and fall off. This
would not have happened if the sun and air had
been permitted to do their work in crisping and
drying the ripening boUs. While traversing this
field, the overseer, who had me in charge, pulled
up a single plant of the ground pea, alias " iGruber,"
and, to my astonishment, it brought up a fall pint
of the very best develo5)ed and matured peas I ever
saw.

Oh ! thought I, if the North CaroliniaHS, and

140 BRAZIL THE HOME FOK SOUTHERNERS.

Georgians, could but see that cluster, how they
would make haste to dispose of their piney woods
fields and bald clay knobs, that they might emi-
grate to BraziL From this field we crossed the
river to another of much larger dimensions — ^per-
haps two hundred acres, which was also cleared
last year, and is what we should term wp-land.
That is, upon an undulating table land, about one
hundred feet above the level of the river. The soil
is entirely diflferent from that of the river bottona.
From here to the mouth of the Pariquera, which
empties into the Ribeira some twenty miles from
the sea coast, the bottoms are a rich loamy earth,
resembling very much the soil on the Mississippi
and its tributaries. The table lands on the lower
Ribeira, are not so good as these rich bottoms ; yet
they are of good quality. The character of the soil
is that of a coarse, dark sand, very heavily sur-
charged with the fine fertile matter of decayed
vegetation, and very friendly to cultivate. As a
general thing the soil is not deep, but rests upon
masses of compact clay, which wiU make it wear
well. This large field is also planted in her-
baceous cotton. The young plants are now some
two months old and about knee-high. They have
a healthy color and seem to be growing well ; but
the same lack of a practical knowledge of planting

OFFICIAL KIPORT NO. U. 141 ^

is Lere appai'ent, wliicli I have desciibed, on tlie |
otiier side of the rivej*.

From Ponta Grossa we started, at peep of day,
on the morning of the 30th, and at 9 a. m. stopped i
to breakfast at Sr. David Goncjalvea Fortes'. Here
a day was lost in waiting for a Brazilian gentle-
man, who had engaged to accompany ua up the
Juqui^ River. Finding that he was not coming, we '
got Sr. Job6 Kodolpho Goncalves Fortes, a brother of
our boat, to act as pilot and guide, and started for
the JuquiA. We had gone some ten miles up this
river, when night overtook us, just as we were near- I
ing a very small establishment, where we obtained
shelter for the night. At gray dawn we were off
again, forcing our immense canoe to stem the deep,
Bwift current of the bold Juquid. This was a day
of toil, and when it was over, just as the glorious
day-god was sinking out of sight behind the grand
old range of mountains, that lay off to the west- l
■ward of us, we reached the romantic little village '
of Santo Antonio, where we were received, and
hospitably entertained, by the Rev. Rector, of the
neat little church, which stands upon one of the
beautifal mounds that here approach very near the I
river, Again, early on the morning of the 2d, we j
might have been seen urging our great river horse, I
■with pole and paddle, to ascend still farther the J

142 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

deep, flowing river. This day's journey was to me
like the realization of a fond dream of happiness.
At every turn of the beautiful stream I felfr like
exclaiming, " Eureka ! Eureka ! " The magnificent
vaUey of the Juqmd, which is very wide in places,
terminates in a gentle range of hills, every foot of
which, both lulls and valley, are susceptible of im-
proved culture. Back of these lulls rise up great
fertile mountains, that seem to have laid aside the
nodding crest of threatening granite, and to ' be
paternally contemplating the hills below, and the
river that rolls between, or offering friendly saluta-
tions across from one to another, as if conscious of
the mighty dignity in which they there repose.
I have had bright day dreams, for many months,
of a country where the homes of the great staple
products of the world could be foimd in close prox-
imity.

And here it is. If four brothers, or friends,
vdsh to engage in the culture of the four great
commercial products of Christendom, and have their
plantations adjoining each other, they can here do
so. They who wish to cultivate cotton and sugar
cane, can find a most genial and productive soil im-
mediately on the river. The tobacco raiser and the
coffee planter, need not go out of sight to find the
mother land of the coffee tree and the tobacco plant.

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IL

143 I

on tlie gentle hills, or the giant mountain aide. And
each may raise upon hia own plantation all the minor
products, yea, all the luxuries of this luxury pro-
ducing country. The crowning glory of Juquid
country is this : while it combines all characters
of fertile soil, each is the best of its kind. The j
moxmtains are fully equal, if not superior, to those
of Espirito Santo, and Kio de Janeiro, for the I
growth of coft'ee, while the hills and valleys sur-
pass any part of the country I have seen for sugar, i
cotton, and rice. 'As proof of the correctness of my j
Btatements, I will here give the dimensions of a |
coffee tree, which I measured at Sr. Jo86 Dionisio
Canches', on the north bank of the JuquiA. This
tree is twenty-eight inches in circumference, one
•foot from the ground, is fifteen feet high, and, j
around its greatest circumference of foliage is sixty-
eight feet. I ought to state that there is a slender
young tree standing veiy near the trunk of the
Ipige one, whose foliage was included in this
'sneasui'ement. This tree, however, might be re-
moved, and not diminish the outline of the one
measured, so completely is it encircled by the J
"boughs of the great one. From the two, the pro- 1
prietor informed us, he gathered forty-two pounds A
of coffee last year. This young giant is now in hisi
.eighth year.

144 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Late in the afternoon of the 2d, we amved at
the plantation of Sr. Jos6 Rodolpho Gongalves
Fortes, where we went ashore, and, after looking
round a little, were so much delighted with the
country, that we thought it expedient to penetrate
somewhat the interior. Accordingly, everything
was arranged for an early staiij next morning.
Immediately after breakfast, Dr. Sampaio, myself an
old Brazilian hunter as guide, and two servants,
commenced a pedestrian march up the beautiful
rivulet that flows through this plantation, to which,
finding it nameless, I gave the name of Brook Cor-
nelia, after my first-bom. Just as we Avere ready
to start, our guide informed us that there was a
high waterfall on this brook, which we could reach
by going right forward before night. At the
thought of a roaring cascade, in the deep, dark,
forest, surrounded by cool dripping springs, my
heart fairly bounded forward in enthusiasm. Away
we went, the old guide in front, armed with his
long wood's knife, with which he slew alike, the
tender, blooming reed, and the tough, hardy vine,
that ventured to extend themselves across our path ;
while I followed close upon Jiis heels, urging him
to take longer strides and bolder strokes ; Dr. Sam-
paio and the two blacks bringing up the rear. In
this order we marched, with many a break in the

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. U. 145

ranks, to get water, pluck fruit, or examine curious
things, until about 3 p. m., when a dark cloud made
its appearance in the south-west, and distant thun-
der could be heard. At this our guide shook his
head, gave an ominous shrug of his shoulders, and
advised that we go no further, but stop, make
ranche, and so get ready for the threatening storm.
To this, however, I would not agree; but sug-
gested to Dr. Sampaio, that he and the servants
stop and extemporize a camp, while the guide and
I would go forward to the fall, and return, if possi-
ble. To this the Dr. readily consented. When it
was fully decided that the line of march should
again be^ taken up, though with ranks very much
thinned, the old hunter informed me that we
should save time by going right up the channel
of the stream. Anything, said I, to reach the fall,
and get back before night. So in we went, and off
we started, at a rapid pace for waders. We had not
gone far, when we came upon the fresh tracks of an
anta, and as one deep hole in the wet sand (where
his immense weight had forced his huge feet), after
another, greeted our eyes, the old woodsman seemed
to grasp his long knife ,more firmly, while I kept
my revolver in a position for instantaneous use.
But we never came up with him, consequently we
did not get to kill an anta. After some two miles

146 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

of wading in water aa pure, cool, and clear, as any
I ever saw, we reached the falL And although a
few moments of inactivity served to convince me
that my muscles were rendered sore, and my joints
stiffened like those of an overstrained courser, I felt
compensated for all, by the rapturous beauty of the
scene. This cascade leaps, at one bound, from the
top of a perpendicular rock, sixty feet high, and
strikes with such force upon the rocky bed below,
that the whole volume is knocked, instantaneously,
into spray. But the fragments soon collect again, and
go laughing and dancing over many small falls be-
low, until the re-united springs and sprays, form
again one beautiful stream, which soon reaches a
point where it behaves with more dignity and com-
posure. The deepening shadows, of the shady dell,
warned us that it was time to commence retracing
our steps to the' spot where we expected to spend
the night. Slowly, and with pain to my physical
system, did I return to that new-made wigwam in
the depths of the virgin forest. But the rich glow
of hope that then animated my bosom, and the
bright gleams of anticipation which I then felt,
seemed to illuminate my whole being. After re-
turning to camp, and drying my clothes as best I
could, I was too weary to sleep, but tossed upon
my cool couch of palm leaves, unable and unwilling

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. II. 147

to banisb the bright vision of a new, and happy-
home, for the brave men and fair women of my nar
tive land, where we may, without fanatical inter-
ference, bring up our sons to emulate the virtues
of the wise and good ; and our daughters, as the
"polished comers of the temple." Just as the
glorious sun of the morning had tipped with gold
the rich crowns of the " everlasting hills," that sur-
round the valley of Brook Cornelia, we took up our
return line of march, and, by taking a more direct
route, reached the residence of Sr. Fortes about
mid-day. Here we feasted, and rested, until near
sun-set, when our canoe was re-loaded, and we began
the descent of the Juquid Eiver.

I returned from this point, and discontinued the
explorations, which the generous government of
Brazil has aflforded me the facilities to prosecute,
because I have found a region to which' I can, con-
scientiously, and with enthusiasm advise my coun-
trymen to emigrate.

Nearly four months have elapsed since the fore-
going report of my tour in the Province of S. Paulo
was written, during which time I have found it
necessary to make two voyages from the Capital to
our chosen locality, in order to complete, and settle,
beyond a peradventure, all the titles to lands, and
the boundaries of our community. In short, every-

148 BBAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

thing whicli appertains to the forming of a new
settlement. The first of these voyages was without
interest, farther than that it served to convince me
that a second was unavoidable.

I lefb Eio de Janeiro on the 11th of May, on
this second voyage, on board the fleet little schoon-
er " Third of May," in company with a goodly num-
ber of choice companions ; among whom, were Mr.
Jacob Humbird, of Maryland, Dr. R. M. Davis, of
Virginia, and Capt. W. Frank Shippey, of Florida.
After a lively sail of three days, we reached Gana-
nea, where we were joined by our worthy Mend,
Major Ernesto D. Street, Inspector-General of the
Province of Sao Paulo. When we reached the
region selected for the future homes of our unfortu-
nate Southerners, Mr. Humbird, who is an emi-
nently practical, go-ahea4 man, was so much pleased,
and so well convinced that our labors will result
successfully, that he invested largely in the choice
fronts on the Ribeira and Juquid rivers, paying the
cash, and giving these sitios into my charge, with
instructions to turn them over, at cost, to our peo-
ple. This I have already done in one instance, in
the case of Capt. Shippey, who has gone to work,
on a splendid tract of river bottom land, to get
ready for his coming relations and friends. After
completing all our work on these rivers, passing

OFFICIAL REPORT KO 11.

149|

Eacrituraa Publicas, eleaiing and making the grounc
for tlie house your Excellency has ordered to
built, we set out, in company with Inspector-Gen-
eral Street, to explore the region lying between the
head-waters of the Juquia River, and the old town
of Sorocaba,' — back of the coast I'auge. "We found
this expedition a rough undertaking, rendered more
difficult by four days of inceasant rain that pelted
us thoroughly, while in the mountains. But we
finally got thi'ough, making almost the whole jour-
ney on foot. After crossing the mountains, I saw
specimens of cotton in the field, equal to any I have
ever seen in the United States. This is emphati-
cally the cotton-growing region of Brazil, and only
needs the appliances of labor and improved culture
to make it profitable indeed. Here, also, is
exhauetless supply of mules and horses, where oi
people can procure their necessaiy animals, mucl
cheaper than in any part of the United States.
purchased in Sorocaba, two match miales — large an(
fine, perfectly gentle and tractable — for $35 each,
and sent them back for plantation use in the Ju-
quia valley. I am much gratified that we passed
through this region, since it gives us a more prac-
tical knowledge of the route for the proposed
all of which the Inspector-General will doubtlt
report upon.

150 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

From Sorocaba we rode througli on horse-back^
to the city of Sfio Paulo, in two days — a distance
of seventy-two miles. Here we rested one day, took
the train for Santos at 6 a. m., and arrived at
11 A. M., just in time to breakfast and go on board
the swift steamer S. Jos6, which brought us safely
and pleasantly to Rio de Janeiro in about eighteen
hours.

And now. Illustrious Sir, that the time nears
when I am to return to the land that gave me
birth, to superintend the removal of those tried
ones to these shores, whose aching hearts crave the
repose and security so nobly extended, it seems fit-
ting that I should indicate the course that I pro-
pose to pursue. First, then, of all, I do not intend
to encourage any one to cast his lot with us, whose
moral character, and social status, are not decidedly
good. This one rule, closely adhered to, will give
us, in all respects, a desirable population. That
many of them will be poor, yea, poor in the ex-
treme, is an evil for which we, of the South, are
not responsible. In fact, if wordly goods, just now,
were made the standard of excellence in the devas-
tated districts of the United States, the poorest
would be the best, since, in most instances, men re-
tained their property by sacrificiQg that which was
of far greater value. And further, if my life is

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. U. 151

spared, to return to this land of my adoption, I
shall deem it my duty to warn our people that they
may avoid alike those alien croakers, who hang
with the tenacity of real parasites, to the vitals of
Brazil, whence they draw the means of self aggran-
dizement, at the same time they endeavor, parasite-
like, by false representations, to smother the young
giant that gives them Ufe; and those, who ap-
proach under the guise of friendship, professing
deepest interest and warmest affection, placing the
velvet paw so gently on, that it is not felt, until all
of a sudden, it hardens into the stony clutch of the
remorseless Shylock. If those of my countrymen,
who look to this Empire as their home, immediate-
ly, or inf^itv/ro^ do not escape the bewildering fogs
and disheartening quicksands, into which these
aliens to the commonwealth of Brazil, would lead
them on the one hand, and the cunningly arranged
traps on the other, baited with " what money they
need for the present," it shall be no fault of mine.
With profound sentiments of esteem,

I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,

Ballard S. Dunn.

CHAPTER XI.

OFFICIAL EEPORT OF MESSES. M^MULLAK AND BOWEN,
OF TEXAS, TO THE MINISTEB OF AGEIOULTUEK

Rio de Janeibo, May 24, 1866.

To Ms JExcellency the Minister of AgricvUure:

ExMO. Sr. : Tlie tindersigiied, after returning
their warmest thanks for the many favors received
at the hands of your Excellency, and for the facili-
ties afforded them in search of homes for themselves
and friends, beg leave to present the following re-
port on the result of their observations, after an
experience of five months' almost continual travel
in this magnificent and peculiarly favored Empire.

On 9th of January, under arrangements made by
order of your Excellency, we went on board the
Dom Affonso, accompanied by several other Amer-
ican jSiends, and all bound for CananeA in the
Province of Sao Paulo.

On the morning of the 10th our vessel put to

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. in. 153

sea, and on the 13th, at 4 p. m., we dropped anchor
in the fine harbor of the ancient village of Cananea,
having touched at the accustomed points of Ubatu-
ba, Sao Sebastiao, and Santos ; the latter of which
has a spacious harbor, well situated in a military
point of view, and enjoying peculiar advantages
commercially.

Santos is destined to be one of the finest cities
of the Empire, being the port of an extensive fer-
tile region, soon to be populated by an industrious,
intelligent agricultural people, from the Southern
States of North America.

Cananea is on an island, and near the lower en-
trance of the Mar Pequeno, a sort of inland sea
nearly fifty miles in length, and varying from one
and a half to three jniles in width, and with suf-
ficient depth for vessels drawing fifteen feet of
water.

Cananea (or the land of Canaan) is one of the
oldest settlements in the Empire ; and although quite
small at present, it is destined to grow into a place
of some importance, enjoying, as it does, an excel-
lent harbor, and with a fertile region in its rear to
build it up. Here we met the Inspector General,
Major Street, who very promptly made the neces-
sary arrangements for our penetrating the interior,

appointing Mr. Louis Donker Van der Hoff, a very
7*

154 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

competent gentleman, at the suggestion of our
friend Capt. Buhlaw,*to accompany ns in our explo-
rations. Among the acquaintances made at Cana-
nea were the Delegado and Vigario, both of whom
oflfered us every civility, and seemed anxious that
we should establish ourselves in their midst.

After spending several days at this place, on
the evening of the 18th we set out on foot for the
port, a distance of some three miles, two of which
are by land, through a low, generally wet, and very
sandy soil, covered with a. stunted growth of trcQS
which have barely been able to raise their heads
above the thick jungle which mats the earth beneath
them. Crossing the interior Brm of the Mar Pe-
queno, about one mile in width, and with a depth
suflScient to admit large vessels, we found ourselves
at the Port (of the Colony of Cananea).

Here we obtained horses, which we mounted,
and were soon off in the direction of the colony,
over a road which, with very little labor, could be
made transitable for all kinds of wagons.

For the first four miles the country very much
resembled that traversed in reaching the Port ; but,
on arriving at the Itapetanga, the. whole face and
character of the country are changed to a rich
mulatto, sticky soil, and a fine, thrifty growth of
timber.

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. m. 155

The Itapetanga is a beautiful, clear, bold-run-
ning creek, flowing over a bed of sand and gravel,
and meandering througli a fertile vaUey of four or
five hundred yards in width, bounded on either side
by lofty hills almost deserving the name of moun-
tains, and covered with an abundance of fine large
timber, suitable either for building purposes or fur-
niture. This stream flows into the interior arm of
the Mar Pequeno a short distance below the Port
(before mentioned), and is navigable for canoes sev-
eral leagues.

Following up the valley some two and a half
miles, we reached the comfortable dwelling of Mr.
Van der Hoff, where we stopped for the night.
Mr. Van der Hofi^ is a Dutchman, and lives on the
good old " milk and butter " style, his being the
only place in Brazil where we found those excellent
(not to say luxurious) articles of food, notwith-
standing the peculiar adaptation of the country for
them in plenty and to spare at all seasons.

The 19th, being rainy, we spent at Van der
Hoffs, feasting on pine-apples, examining the young
coffee-trees, which, at two and a half years, were
bending under their load of berries, and six or seven
kiQds of potatoes, one of which has a heavy top not
unlike a thrifty collard, and equally as palatable.

On the morning of the 20th we set out early for

156 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNEBS.

the colony, where we arrived in time for break£Gist —
the Director (Mr. Smith) extending to ns a hearty
welcome, and oflfering ns the hospitalities of his
bountiful board.

The colony is located on the head-waters of the
Itapetanga and Pindavina, in a healthy though
rather broken country.

From Mr. Smith's house to the Port (before
mentioned) it is about twelve milea

After breakfast we pushed on through the col-
ony, crossing the dividing ridge (before suggested),
taking down the Pindavina in the direction of
Sr. Francisco Xavier's, the Director himself, our
friend Major Totten, and Captain Hanson accom-
panying us. The Pindavina is a small creek
emptying into the Garahti near Xavier's. This
gentleman gave us a kind reception, offering us the
civilities of his house, which we were thankful to
accept after a rather hard trip over a desperate
road, and through a rough, hilly country, having
made some dozen miles since leaving the house of
Director Smith.

On the following morning, accompanied by Sr.
Xavier, we took canoe and hastened up the Garar
hti to the falls, a distance of four miles by water.
Major Totten, who is a professional mechanic, see-
ing the advantages which this place offered for a

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. lU. 157

saw-miU, at once secured it, and within a very
short time from this date wiU (with his associate,
Capt. Hanson,) be floating large quantities of excel-
lent lumber down this beautiful stream to the Jacu-
piranga, and down the latter to the great Kibeira
(in all about twenty-five miles by water), whence
it will be taken to Iguape (the sea-port).

On the 22d we descended (Major Totten con-
cluding to accompany us) to the newly begun vil-
lage of Botujuru, a run of twelve miles below Xar
vier. This place is on the Jacupiranga, six miles
below the mouth of the Garahu; and when the
country becomes settled, and the commerce will jus-
tify it, will be about the head of steamboat navigar
tion on this stream — subsequent investigations de-
veloping that, with very little labor, the Jacupiran-
ga may be made navigable thus far for small steam-
ers for at least half the year.

The site of Botujuru is well selected, in the
midst of a fertile region, and commands a fine view
of the surrounding country.

Leaving this place, we ascended the Jacupiranga,
a good canoe run of two days, reaching the great
falls. Here, as on the Garahti, is an excellent seat
for any amount of machinery, and with plenty of
good timber ; but, as the valleys are small and the
hills high and rugged, we deemed it unsuitable for

158 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

a large settlement of Americans. So we resolved to
retrace our steps, taking a short run up the Bananal
(a small confluent of the Jacupiranga) in the de«
scent, and again reached Botujuni, having been
absent four or five days.

The lands in this region are of excellent quality,
resembling somewhat the Ked River lands of Texas
and Louisiana, of the United States, and well situ-
ated up to the falls ; but the margins of the rivers
are all private property.

Before leaving this place, we took a short run
up the Canho, a large creek which empties into the
Jacupiranga a few hundred yards below the vil-
lage; but finding the country rough and broken, we
resolved to return and shift the base of our explo-
rations to Xiririca on the Ribeira.

Descending the Jacupiranga to the mouth of
the Turvo, some seven miles, we ascended the lat-
ter a distance of perhaps twelve miles by water,
whence we prepared to cross the country on horse-
back. The Turvo is a small, swift-running creek,
winding through a rich and beautiful valley of a
quarter of a mile in width, and bounded by ranges
of hills often low and undulating. We were much
pleased with the valley of the Turvo, but found it
all owned and occupied.

We now had a long ride of sixteen miles over

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. UI. 159

one of tlie roughest countries we had yet seen, and
along a dim trailway, often barely perceivable for
the first eight miles ; and over this part of the road
in particular our party presented quite a novel ap-
pearance. Imagine a party of six (including a
couple of camaradas to carry baggage) with only
two horses in the crowd, and these without bridle or
saddle — our blankets answering for the latter, while
thongs of bark, tied to the under jaw of the ani-
mals, made substitutes for the former.

We afterwards procured two other animals with
Brazilian saddles, when we got on quite well, and,
after a fatiguing journey, reached the lovely and
inviting village of Xiririca, one day and a half after
leaving Botujuni.

Here we received a hearty welcome by the Sr.
Bernardo Jose Cabral, who kindly tendered us the
hospitalities of his house, and made us feel at home
at Xiririca. During the next day we were visited
by the principal inhabitants of the place, who
oflfered us every attention that a warm-hearted peo-
ple could, and expressed a desire that we should
find in their munctpio a suitable location for pur-
selves and our friends.

Leaving Xiririca with letters from the Delegado
and Sub-delegado, we proceeded up the Ribeira, a
distance of some twenty miles, to the mouth of the

160 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

Batatal; and ascending this large, rapid-ronning
creek ten or twelve miles, we arrived at the house
of Sr. Franco, to whom we bore letters. Here we
met with the usual kind reception ; and as this was
the head of canoe navigation (on account of the
falls), this gentleman made arrangements for our
pursuing our journey still farther into the interior ;
so we set out up the Batatal in a good horse-path,
clomb a considerable mountain, on the very top of
which a very large rosewood tree was pointed out
to us, as also a quinine tree, from which latter we
pulled a portion of bark, descending into one of the
most romantic valleys we had ever seen, in the
midst of which dwells with peace and plenty Sr.
Franco, son of the old gentleman whose house we
had left an hour before.

This valley contains about one hundred and
sixty acres of superior land, surrounded on all sides
by steep mountains from 1,500 to 2,000 feet high ;
and the same Batatal skirts the base of the moun-
tains on one side, barely finding an entrance into
and out of this romantic place. Here Telemaxjhus
might have found an abode suited to his fastidious-
ness, and desired to wander no more.

At an early hour on the following morning, we
set out over the mountains in the direction of the
Ariado, a tributary of the Batatal, our clever host

aocompanyiBg us aa guide. This was the roughest
work we had yet encountered ; for a tall mountain,
2,000 feet high, loomed up before ua, standing at an
angle of 45° ; and our only way of crossing it
to cut our way as we went. After a hard struggle
we reached the summit, where we were amazed to
find ourselves on an elevated plane, large enough
for a considerable farm, and literally matted with
large tall cane. One would sooner have imagined
himself in the midst of a awamp in the United
States than on the top of a tall mountain in Brazilii
But this we found to be one of the peculiarities ol
the country — on the tops of the highest mountaimil
is found the largest cane, while in the valleys it it
rarely seen. On the top of this mountain, too, w(
crossed a lai'ge, rippling branch, which finds iti
way off into the Ariado below, into the valley oi
which we soon descended.

We found three or four families on the Ariad(^i
and were told that one or two of these were squa1
ters. Following up the mai^in of the sti'eam som(
two miles, we reached the house of the Sr. Antonif
de Prado. Tliis gentleman and his brother are thi
outside settlers in this direction. Here we, got di
ner ; and as our friend had just MUed a fine yeai
ling buck, we fared sumptuously. He told us thu
excellent game is abundant in these woods, and hi
kills them whenever he wishes

162 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

The valley of the Ariado is about five miles
long, and fi*om five htindred to seven hundred
yards in width, and, like the valleys on most of
the small streams, is bounded by tall mountains near
the top of one of which our host pointed out a tre-
mendous ledge of rocks, which, he said, were lime —
the first of the kind we had yet seen in Brazil, the
principal being granite, which seems to form the
base of all the mountains in the Empire.

Two miles beyond where we were, the waters
turn to the Prado, a large, shoaly river, which emp-
ties into the Kibeira a short distance above Iporan-
ga, this place being about twenty miles above the
mouth of the Batatal. The situation of the coun-
try is such, however, that, the waters of the Batatal
and Prado, both coming out of the same side of the
same tall mountain, there is no perceivable eleva-
tion , between, and the valley of the Ariado unites
with the valley lands of the waters of the Prado.
So, within less than three miles from where we
were, we were told by all that there was one of
the most magnificent of valleys, which, according
to estimates made of distance, must contain twenty-
five thousand acres of excellent level land, through
the midst of which flow many small streams.

We regretted not penetrating the heart of this
magnificent region; but, being worn out with

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. lU. 163

fatigue, being a little unwell, there being no road,
and desirous of finding a place a little nearer navi-
gation, we slowly retraced our steps ; and when the
sun was low in the west we were again at home
with our friend on the Batatal, where we had left
our canoe the day before.

We were informed that there is plenty of mar-
ble (red, blue, and white) on the Batatal and Pra-
do, and that specimens, which had been sent to Kio
to be examined, were pronounced No. 1 ; and cer-
tain it is that the lead-mines of Iporanga (all in
the same section of country) are among the richest
and best in the world.

The valley of the Batatal is small ; but from
what we saw of the interior, and from information
collected from reliable sources, from the superior
quality of the land, from the amount and quality of
the timber, the fine water-power for machinery, the
mineral wealth, the salubrity of the climate— this
must become one of the most attractive portions of
the Empire ; and as the Ribeira is navigable for
steamboats to the mouth of the Batatal, thei'^, will
probably be no portion of this section farther than
forty miles from navigation.

The road which the Government is now build-
ing from Iporanga to Cananea will greatly facilitate
the settlement of this very desirable coimtfy by
industrious, intelligent agriculturists.

164 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNERS.

Descending the Batatal, we dropped down the
Kibeira to one of the fanns of the Srs. Guimarfies,
and with this gentleman ascended the Rio Taquary
(a northern tributary of the Ribeira) a distance of
more than twenty miles, to the great falls.

The valleys of this stream, like those of the
Batatal, are narrow up to the falls ; but above these
we were told that the mountains recede from the
river, leaving an extensive valley region of superior
country. These falls are the best for machinery
that we have seen in the Empire, and the river
affords sufficient water to float a steamboat, were it
not for the rapids. Major Totten, who still accom-
panies us, seeing the value of this place, has taken
steps to secure it. His lumber may be floated on
flats to the Kibeira, thence to the sea-port, a dis-
tance of about one hundred and thirty miles by
water. Here there are thousands of superior timber,
and the largest cane we have yet seen in our travels
in this country, it being quite common to see the
reed reaching the enormous height of eighty or
ninety feet, with a diameter of four or even five
inches.

This cane likes to run up the bodies of the trees
for support, where it may be seen Teaching out be-
yond the tallest of them fifteen or twenty feet.

We are satisfied we saw cane on the Taquary

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III.

1651

one inindred feet tigh, with branches (of the same:
cane) fifty feet long and two mches in diameter,
and thia, in its turn, would have other branches
more than fifteen feet long. In places this tall
reed grows 90 thick that it was impossible to get
through it without cutting our road. Our friend
Guimai'Ses took great pains to give iLS all the infor-
mation in his power, and treated us with true Bra-
zilian hospitality. He is quite a genius, has a con-
siderable amount of machinery, and, under favor*
able circumstances, would have made a first-clasa
machinist.

Leaving the Taquary, we returned to Xiririca,
March 9th, after an absence of sis or ae
We regret having lost the name of onr young friend
who accompanied us on this week's tour, for he wi
very attentive, and of great service to us. Befoi
leaving Xiririca, there is a circumstance associated
with this name that we deem worthy of mention.
On onr way up, the Sr. Guerra, this gentleman'
wife, and a couple of daughters about grown,
us in the parlor, and soon engaged in conversatio]
■with ua, asking us many questions about the man-
ners and customs of our native country, and expresa-
ing a desire to have some American neighboi
"We spent a pleasant evening, and, had it not
for the difference in language, might easily havej

J-O.

ad I

'aa^H

166 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

imagined ourselves in an American family. In tlie
morning, at breakfast, we all ate together at the
same table. We mention this circumstance because
it was the fii'st time we had the pleasure of con-
versing with the Brazilian ladies.

After taking some refreshments Jiere (at Xiri-
rica), we dropped down to the large £azenda of
Sr. Miguel Antonio Jorge, about ten miles. This
gentleman met us and told us to make ourselves at
home. Miguel Jorge is the largest planter of the
Kibeira, owning large quantities of slaves, and
probably several hundred thousand acres of land.
He has a spa<jious dwelling, an iron sugar-mill, a
saw-mill, grist-mill, distillery, &c., &c. ; and is quite
fixed, after the Brazilian style. His articles of ex-
portation are rice, and aguardente made from the
cane.

Here we saw the first apple-tree, which was
loaded with fruit, and we took the liberty to try it,
finding it very good, and being satisfied that apples
may be raised in this part of the country. We also
saw here the cinnamon-tree, of which we took a
small twig or two, to exhibit in the United States.

We forgot to mention that at Xiririca we saw
the first regular peach-orchard. The trees all
looked well ; but as it was not " peach-time," we
had no opportunity of testing the fruit. It is not

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III.

E'xmcommon to see one or two of these trees at a 1
place.

Ou the 10th we rested, Mr. Van der Hoff being
a little unwell ; and on the 11th, with a letter from
our host to Sr. Manoel Alves, at the mouth of the
Juquii, we again "began the descent of the Ribeira,
■with the intention of exploring the Juquid and ita
waters. Reaching thia place, however, and not
finding Sr. Alvea at home, and after a delay of
nearly a day, we concluded to push on to Iguape,
undetermined in our minda where we should-j
next go. I

On arriving at this place, we met the Rev. Bal-
lard S. Dunn and Mi\ Eousel, the foimer of whom
had already selected lands on the Juquia ; and, from
the glowing description which he gave of the coun-
try, we resolved to visit it, he tiudly volunteering
to accompany ua.

Here Major Totten left us for CananeA, it being
mutually agreed upon among ua. This ia why his
name does not appear at the bottom of this paper.

At Iguape we received the usual kind trea1
ment. Thia is a good large town at the upper end
of the Mar Pequeno, and ia connected with the
Eibeii'a by a large canal about one mile and three
quarters long.

mentioned, the Mar Pequeno

is M

idT

168 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

sufficient depth to admit large vessels; but we
were informed that the canal from the Ribeira is
greatly injuring the channel about the city — a mat-
ter worthy of close and serious investigation, after
which it may be better to close the entrance next
the Mar Pequeno.

The Barra de Coparra, the northern entrance of
the Mar Pequeno, is only a short distance above the
city ; but the bar is said to be constantly changing.
Consequently large vessels seek the lower entrance,
at Cananea, and come up the bay to Iguape. Fur-
ther investigations, however, may prove that steam-
ers drawing eight or nine feet may always reach
Iguape by the northern entrance.

We spent two or three days in the city, during
which we have made several valuable acquaintances;
and on the morning of the 19th, at an early hour,
were off up the Kibeira. Having some business at
Botujurti, we took up the Jacupiranga, availing
ourselves of the occasion to test the navigability of
this stream, our opinion of which we have already
given. By water, Botujurti is about forty miles
from the mouth of the Jacupiranga.

At Botujurd Mr. Van der Hoff received orders
to withdraw from us, having accompanied us for
two months. We take pleasure in expressing our
satisfaction with the manner in which he fiilfilled

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. UI. 169

Ms mission, and avail ourselves of the present oppor-
tunity to return him our sincere thanks.

The lands on the lower Jacupiranga are of fine
quality, but perhaps better adapted to the raising
of sugar-cane and rice than cotton ; but com does
remarkably well on these lands.

Descending to the Ribeira, and ascending this
to Ponta Grossa, the lower seat of our Mend Miguel
Jorge, we again met Rev. Mr. Dunn and Mr. Rousel,
and together set out up the Ribeira for the Juquid.

The latter we found to be a large, deep, bold-
running river, and navigable for large steamers,
without any obstruction, to the mouth of the Sao
Lourengo, a distance of fifty miles by water.
Above this place, by taking out two or three
large trees, which might obstruct the channel, the
same boat could ascend thirty miles farther ; where,
on account of the numerous falls, navigation must
cease.

At its mouth the Juquid is about one hundred
and fifty yards wide, and gradually narrows down
to about fifty or seventy at the head of navigation.
^The S. Lourengo, the largest tributary of the Juquid,
is also a good large stream ; and, as on the upper
Juquid, by removing two or three obstructions, can
be made navigable for medium-sized steamers a dis-
tance of thirty-five miles, to the mouth of the ItarirL

170 BRAZIL THB HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

On the Upper Juquid and Sfio LoorenQo, we
found a country that did, our hearts good, and made
us fed that we had at last found the place we had
been looking for so long. There, in this deKghtful
region, we determined to locate, and immediately
set about negotiating for a front or two, to insure
access from the Government lands in the rear of the
river.

This we thought we had done (verbally) ; but
finding so much indefiniteness with regard to lines
and titles, we resolved to return to the Capital, and
ask your Excellency that a competent person might
be appointed, on the part of the Government, to
adjust these matters. We were not suspicious of
any intentional fraud on the part of the people, but
were only desirous of seeing our way clear, and of
guarding against future contingencies. We greatly
feared that our Brazilian friends, seeing the caution
with which we proceeded, would misinterpret our
motives, and think us ". over cautious."

Your Excellency, seeing the consistency of our
request, and the importance of the first Americans
in the country establishing themselves on a firm and
secure basis, was kind enough to grant all we asked.

Wliile on the Juquid this time, we concluded to
make a more thorough examination of the Govern-
ment lands included in the survey which we had

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 171

selected, the provisional title to which, by order of
your Excellency, we have already received from the
Inspector-General.

Proceeding up the SSo Lourengo half a day's
run, to the beautifiil site of Sr. Joaquim Pedroso,
we stopped for the night; and on the following
morning, this gentleman kindly accompanying us;
ascended a very short distance, where we took up
the Bigud, a distance of some eight miles by water,
to the outside settlement. Here we left our canoe
and set out up the valley to the " terras devolutas "
(Government lands), which we soon reached, and
to our great satisfaction found them of very supe-
rior quality, well situated, and above all overflow.
Here we found lands sufficient for twenty families,
and lands that we can recommend to our friends.
The Bigua is a beautifiil creek flowing over a bed
of clean,' white sand, with a delightful valley spread-
ing out on each side a distance of from three hun-
dred yards to more than a mile, and this skirted by
high hills covered with fine, large timber. The
Bigud has two tributaries, both of them with val-
leys such as we have described.

On Jhe Bigud is nearly the only place where we
have seen large cane growing in the valleys ; but
here it abounds.

172 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

Afker a long, liard walk, we returned to our
canoe and stopped for the night.

Early on the following morning we began the
descent, and at 10 o'clock were again in the honse
of our hospitable friend, who had accompanied us in
our excursion.

After taking some refreshment, we again began
the ascent of the SSo Louren§o, passing some fine
coflfee fazendas on the river ; and early in the even-
ing were snugly resting under the friendly roof of
Sr. Capt. Lui Leite. This gentleman, being well
acquainted with the country above, volunteered to
accompany us; and on the morning of the 30th
of April 'we were off up the river again.

A pull of two hours carried us to the mouth of
the Itariri, the head of steamboat navigation on the
Rio Sao Loureneo. Ascending this large tributary
after a hard pull, we stopped on the bank for the
night with a clever gentleman ; and on the morrow,
the 1st of May, we continued our journey, passing
the mouth of the Eio de Peixe (Fish river), the
numerous falls on the Itariri, and reaching about
midday the mouth of the Eio do Azeite (Oil river).

The last is a large, rocky, shoaly creek, and
decidedly the clearest, most transparent, and purest
water we have ever seen in any country. As small

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. Uh 173

a tMng as a pin is as clearly perceivable at a depth
of ten feet as though it were on the surface.

We have found Brazil remarkable for good
water; but in this particular the Azeite enjoys
pre-eminence. We ascended this stream a mile
and a half, took up the margin of a small con-
fluent (on foot), and were soon on the Government
lands once more.

Here, as on the Azeite and its tributaries, we
found a place peculiarly suited to our taste; an
extensive levej plane of from four to ten miles in
width, and twelve or fifteen in length, covered with
large, straight timber, and a hundred rivulets dan-
cing over their beds of yellow gold-like sand.

This modem Eden is bounded on the south by
lofty moimtains, from which it receives its ever-
bonntiful supply of pure, crystal water; on the
north, by the mountains of the Guranhanha. On
the west, it unites with the large valley of the
Peixe, Govemnxent lands also.

When the trifling obstructions before mentioned
shall have been removed from the S. Lourengo, the
heart of this lovely region will be about twelve
miles from steamboat navigation. These lands, we
think, will be easier to clear than any others we
have seen in the coimtry, being of a loose, yellow

174 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

loam, and with plenty of sand to make them pleas-
ant to cultivate.

Immediately on the rivers Jnquid and Ribeira,
the lands often overflow, and occasionally have
some wet lands back ; but here we have none of
these things to contend against, the lands being dry
and always above overflow.

This, the 1st of May, was the happiest day we
had spent in the Empire ; we felt that our hopes
were realized, that the great Giver of all good had
blessed our honest endeavors to find and secm^
homes for a brave but unfortunate people.

Here the homeless may find a home, and the
outcast a "resting-place, with none to molest or
make him afraid." Here are lands equal to any in
the world and within three or four days' run from
the great Capital of the nation, a climate unsur-
passed, neither hot nor cold, and where frost is
never known, water as cold as the mountain spring,
and so equally distributed as to allow almost every
man to run his plantation machinery by it.

Here almost everything grows, and grows well,
too, that is calctdated to minister to the health
and comfort, not to say luxury, of man. Among
these we might enumerate corn, sugar-cane, beans,
peas, potatoes, coffee, tea, pepper, ginger, peaches,
oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, plantains, figs, pine

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. HI. 175

apples, grapes, guyavas, arasas, and many other
things.

Apples, wheat, and cotton, have not been tried
on any considerable scale ; but we haVe talked with
a man that planted a small portion of the second
article, and he said it matured weU.

We have seen some fine specimens of cotton
grown on the Eibeira, and in other sections of this
part of the country ; but some American farmers
are fearful that there is too much rain for it to open
well. But this is a matter soon to be tested by
ourselves and others. Certain it is, that the stock
is thrifty, and the bolls the largest we have ever
seen.

On the day following, 2d May, we returned with
our generous host to his house ; and the next morn-
ing were off down the river to our new home on
the Juquid ; whence, after a few days, we descend-
ed to Iguape again, having spent nearly five months
in exploring one of the richest regions of earth.

Before leaving the Eibeira, we must say some-
thing of this great body of water. This is a large,
deep river, from two himdred to fivQ hundred yards
in width, and drains an extensive, fertile country.
Its general direction is a fraction north of east, and
empties into the sea about twenty miles above
Iguape. It has a bad mouth, on atocount of the

176 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

tremendous breakers, there being no bay for pro-
tection ; but barks are passing in and out every
week. Large steamers can ascend to Xiririca^ and
by removing a few rocks wMcli might obstruct the
channel, can reach the mouth of the Batatal, about
one hundred and fifty miles from Iguape. Above
this there is plenty of water, but the numerous
shoals will probably forever impede navigation.
The lower Ribeira lands are not suitable for per-
sons of small capital ; but for wealthy planters who
wish to engage in the sugar business, we know of
no other place in the world that would suit them
better. The Upper Eibeira is truly a desirable
coimtry.

The banks of all these streams are covered with
capim {the noblest of the grasses), a kind of soft
cane (resembling sugar-cane somewhat), and large
quantities of the castor bean (palma christi).

We saw but few plants or woods like those in
the United States ; and those which have the same
name differ very much in appearance; as, for in-
stance, the cedar of Brazil is a large, smooth,
straight-bodied tree, often much more than one
himdred feet high, and the leaves very much
resembling in appearance those of the walnut ;
while, in the United States this tree has a scrubby
appeai'ance, and is generally very knotty. The

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. HI. 177

Brazilian cedar is a mucli more firm, solid wood,
and admits of fine polish.

The birds, too, of this country, differ very much
from those of North America; being generally
more beautiful, and often decorated by a rich plum-
age of variegated hues. We often saw the splen-
did toucano, one of the most beautiful of birds ;
and were rarely out of hearing of the grating noise
of the paroquits. On the Upper Juquia, we saw
droves of parrots ; and all the moimtains are said
to abound with monkeys. The anta (often weigh-
ing seven or eight hundred pounds) and the
Capivari. (a kind of river hog) are found on the
rivers and low lands in great abundance, and deer
are numerous.

The large grazing ant, which often makes such
ravages on the plants and fruits in some of the
northern provinces, is hardly to be seen anywhere
we have been.

Mosquitoes trouble the people in the woods and
on the low lands, and hixo (a sort oi screw-worm)
trouble cattle ; but clear off the timber and both
disappear.

There is probably no other country in the world

where domestic fowls do so well as in Brazil ; and

where perpetual spring reigns, stock of all kinds

can do well. Droughts, which often visit the west-

178 BRAZIL THE HOM£ FOR SOUTHERNERS.

em portion of the United States, are unknown here
to the oldest inhabitants.

A kind of rice-bird was pointed out to us which
sometimes has been known to trouble this grain ;
but this is only a rare occurrence ; and all in all,
we believe Brazil has fewer annoyances (except bad
roads) than any other country in the world.

In fact, there is not another nation under heaven
which contains so many of the elements of great-
ness within itself as Brazil In point of climate,
soil, good water, navigable rivers, water-powers, we
stand without a j^aroUel. We have gold, silver,
iron, platina, lead, copper, coal, granite, marble;
and, in fact, everything that could be desired, except
a speedy development of these inexhaustible re-
sources of wealth and power.

We have the best system of government known
to man ; while it combines all the elements of
strength requisite to insure its stability against
efvery emergency, it guarantees practical equality
to ALL its citizens, and administers justice with a
firm and willing hand. We have a monarchy
(thank God !) in name, and a true Hejmblic in
practice ; and under the wise administration of our
good Emperor, our destiny must be onward and
upward to a degree of prosperity unknown to other
countries.

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. III. 179

If the state of agriculture among us at present
is backward and antiquated, our people are willing
and desirous to improve. They say if the improved
mode of culture used by the Americans beats theirs,
they too will plow their land, and fell their timber
with Collins' axes. " If you prove to us that the
valley lands will produce more than the mountain
sides, we too will come down and reap the more
abundant harvest."

With many prayers for your Excellency's health,
and for a long life of future usefulness in your zeal-
ous endeavors to promote your country's good, we
beg leave to subscribe ourselves.

Your Excellency's obliged, obedient Servants,

Frank' M. Mullen,
William Bowen.

CHAPTER XII.

OFFICJIAL REPORT OF DR. J, M. F. GASTON, OF SOUTH
CAROLINA, TO THE MINISTER OF AGRIOULTUBB.

In compliance with my wish to examine ibe
lands of the province of SSo Paulo, the fecilities for
so doing were famished imder the directions of
your Excellency, by the worthy President of the
same ; and with the kind co-operation and generous
assistance of private individuals I have visited ^
large portion of its territory.

A daily record of observations from the outset
to the close of each tour, embracing a period nearly
of four months has been accurately kept for the in-
formation of those who await my report : and I beg
leave respectfully to present for the consideration of
your Excellency this statement of the general results
of my examination.

For the purposes of description, the following
division of land is recognized, viz., Volcanic land

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV.

181

(Ten'a Kocha), Ked land (Terra Vermelba), Dark
land (Terra Preta), and ligtt land (Terra Branca).
A further distinction of land, results li-om the pre-
dominance of clay (Barro), sand (Area), shell (Con-
cha) and decomposed vegetable matter (Vegetable
podre) which are combined in various proportions,
with other elements in diflerent specimens of soiL

The lands which consist of the dark pm-ple vol-
canic earth, known as Terra lioclia, are of a homo-
genous constitution, and extend for a great depth,
■without perceptible change of the soil. The local-
ities in wliich this land is found, ai-e more elevated
than their surrounding ; and are supposed to be the
result of some convulsion of nature in a former pe-
riod of the history of the world.

The presence of iron stone (Pedra de Ferro) is
observed to a greater or less extent, in almost every
specimen of this land ; and when it does not pre-
vail to an extent to hinder cultivation, or prevent
the proper gi'owth of plants, it is regarded as a
favorable indication.

This particular variety of land, has attracted my ■
attention, especially, as there is no soil in the [Jni«
ted States coiresponding to it, or having any of its
characteristics. It is a distinct well-defined forma-
tion, and yet among those fcimiliar with its piop-

182 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

erties several grades are recognized in r^ard to
productiveness.

The red land (Terra Vermelha) bears a great
resemblance in color, under particular circumstances,
to that already described, but for the most part does
not incline so much to the purple color. In its con-
stitution it is not so loose and loamy as' the Terra
Eocha ; but it assumes more the nature of the red
clay lands with which we are familiar in the United
States and is remarkably compact and firm.

I have observed a channel for the passage of a
rapid little stream of water, through this kind of
land and it seemed to make scarcely any impression
upon it.

The dark land, (Terra Preta) is found in some
places apparently without admixture with vegetable
elements, and in such situation has its color from
some sulphureous or carbonaceous ingredient of the
soil, which may or may not disappear under the
process of washing according to the particular com-
bination into which it enters.

The greater part however of the dark land that
is valuable for agricultural purposes is composed
principally of decayed vegetable mould or compost
resulting from the gradual decomposition of deposits
from the trees, herbs, etc., which have grown upon
the land. This becomes incorporated with other

OFFICIAL REPOET NO. IV. 183

elements and constitutes a soil of great productive-
ness for a few years, but to be permanently useful
it must rest upon a basis of other articles, that will
continue to impart vitality when the strength of the
vegetable matter declines. Such a foundation is
afforded by some specimens of clay (Barro) which
prevents the percolation of the extract, favored by
the frequent passage of water through this surface
formation and preserves the land in a serviceable
condition for a series of years.

That form of land, known as Terra Branca is of
a light aspect from the large proportion of white
sand which is. intermixed with the soil, and is usual-
ly little else than sand mingled with a greater or
less amount of vegetable matter. When the white
element predominates, it becomes to that extent
sterile, and it may always be taken for granted, that
it is little suited for agricultural purposes when the
sand is found to continue for any considerable depth
below the surface. A small proportion of sand is
useful in the composition of a soil for the purpose
of promoting the agglutination of the more adhesive
particles of earthy substances. But the limit of
utility for sand is confined to this object as it can-
not by any possibility promote within itself the
growth of any vegetation.

In some instances the presence of decomposed

184 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNEBS.

Shell imparts an aspect to lands somewhat similar
to that of sandy but upon particular examination it
will be found to have proportions of a very different
nature. When shell is found united with a proper
portion of clay (barro) and sand a combination
results that is very tavorable to the growth of some
plants, and an artificial soil may be thus produced
which becomes very usefuL The marl of fossfl
remains should not remain unprofitable

These elements of the soil, combined in different
proportions, constitute most of the lands which have,
been examined; and being now recognized they
may be referred to understandingly, in my special
descriptions of the several localities of this province.

Preparatory however to entering upon any
details I have to remark that the territory is divided
into forest land (matta virgem), open plain land
(Campo), and secondary forest (capoeira), each of
which is diversified by the particular growth and
the nature of the soil.

The forest lands are for the most part superior
to the open plains, and yet embrace soil of very dif-
ferent aspects and properties. Prom the rich purple
terra rocha, to the poor and sandy terra branca, may
be found in different forests of the province. There
is a form of forest land found frequently in the
midst of campos, that has the most inferior type of

07TI0UL RBFOBT BO. IT. 185

Boil upon wliich trees are ever found to grow.
Again we sometimea have seen tlie primeval fruit
upon a soil of the richest kind of terra rocha with
a large body of campo land that would scarcely
produce anything, in close proximity to each other.
It is a striking peculiarity of this region that soils
of the most characteristic difference in their quali-
ties, and with the most dissimilar growths, arcfound
in jasta-positiou, presenting a coiTect exemplificar
tion of the oasis in the desert.

There is a gi-eat variety of trees found in the
different forests, and yet I have not encountered a
single specimen of the native trees of the United
States growing spontaneously iu the woods of this
province. On the other hand I have been pleased
to find many of the fruit trees here that I have been
familial- with before, and some of them apparently
gi'owing vigorously, yet not affording Iruit in every
instance of equal size and flavor with those of the
United States. In this category stands the apple,
the peach and the quince, while flgs and grapes
seem to flourish here quite as well as any I have
Been elsewhere. In the midst of native wilds of the
forest, in many portions of the province, are found
trees bearing the most delicious fruits and among;
them the most prized is the sweet Jaboticaba,
The open plain (Campo) land has usually

I
I

186 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

surface that approaches a level, or is slightly undu-
lating, and without trees of any magnitude.

Some portions of the campos have a stinted and
scattered growth of scrubby looking trees, while in
others a growth of shrubby, and dwarf fruit trees is
observed to occupy the groimd, but by far the
largest extent of this kind of territory is found with
a growth of more or less grass upon it. There is
quite a diversity in the different grasses produced
by various specimens of campos, some being well
suited to the use of animals, while others are not
eaten or tend very little to promote nutrition.

The fruit trees found in the campo are for the
most part diminutive types of larger trees which are
found in lands of different quality. The finiits are
generally very palatable, and I was specially pleased
with the Cajti, which is of a slightly acid taste, af-
fording a very agreeable refreshing drink, when
used as lemonade with a little sugar and water.

In addition to these fruits there are numerous
medicinal plants in the campos, belonging to the
standard Materia Medica, while others are adapted
especially to the disorders of the country, or to the
relief of bites by venomous reptiles. Where the
fruits and medicinal plants are found, the groimd is
occupied T^y them to the exclusion of most other
things. On the other hand, when the grass prevails,

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV. 187

veiy little else is found upon the surface, even in
patches where it failed to grow.

This peculiar adaption of certain portions of the
ground to the gi'owth of particular natural products
must strike all with surprise who are not familiar
with this country : and we are at a loss to explain
the condition of these dwarf trees in a soil that
grows other trees, when planted, of much larger
size.

In different localities I have seen grovring upon
the campo soil, with fine proportions, the Figueira
Grande, the Pina and Ximbo. Were there no trees
of any kind upon these campos, it might be inferred
that no seed had been deposited in the soil, but
fijiding these trees of dwarf proportions, presents a
very peculiar and interesting problem.

It is true that the soil is usually of the poorest
order, when this is observed, and it may be that
the planting of other trees in this identical soil,
would not secure any more favorable result.

OULTrVATION OF THE SOIL.

The culture of the land in all parts visited is
performed with the hoe exclusively, and though im-
provements of various kinds are observed in the

188 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNEBS.

mechanical department, there se^ms to be very litde
disposition to resort to the plow as a more thorough
and efficient process of cultivation.

Though a good yield is secured without it we
may calculate that it would be increased at least
one half more by the proper use of this important
implement of the planter in the United States.
Throughout this wealthy province I saw but three
persons who used the plow at all and it was limited
in their cases to a very narrow sphere, being em-
ployed simply to prepare the ground for planting
and not used subsequently for the treatment of the
growing plant. Could anything I may say induce
the adoption of plow-culture for the cotton that is
now engaging so much of the attention of planters
in this Province, it would serve to enhance greatly
the value of this crop, and at the same time lessen
the actual amoimt of labor by those working the
lands.

Where the ground is laid out in right lines by
the plow, preparatory to planting, it simplifies very
much the labor of planting, and the ground being
deeply and thoroughly loosened up, gives the young
plant a better prospect for taking root in the earth.

I observe but few persons who realize the im-
portance of stirring the soil as a means of promoting
the growth of what may be planted, and in most

OFFICIAL EBPOBT NO. TV.

189 1

instances cotton and com ai-e aUowed to grow in
such close juxtarposition aa materially to interfere
■with the supply of nutriment from the soil, and the
action of the atmosphere aa an invigorating agent.

The cotton plant especially requires a free cii"-
culation of air, and the full operation of the same
Tipon every part ; and when crowded with thi-ee or
four stalks in one place, thia influence cannot be i
received. It ia not an uncommon thing to see six
stalks of corn gi'owing in one spot, which run up ,
tall and slim, without that stamina which ia re- '
quiaite to produce the largest and best ears of com.
Two stalks in a hill at the same distance may oc- I
caeionally be seen, and the improvement in the re-
sult is so evident that I am surprised this mode I
of culture should be continued by intelligent
planters of thia country.

As to the amount of game and wild animals in
the different parts of the province, I have been
pleased to learn that the deer, which is the most
desirable, is the most abundant, and though the |
yelp of the dogs has been fiequently heai-d in chase I
of this animal, if I am to judge by my having seen I
none upon the ,tables of the fazendaa, I must infer ]
that they are very aeldom caught.

190 BRAZIL THE HOMS FOR SOUTHERNERS.

The small forest hog is another excellent sped
of game that is found in abundance ; and havii
been more fortunate in regard to it, I can testi
that the flesh is sweet and delicate, being superi<
and quite diflferent from the domestic hog. I ha^
also eaten the flesh of the Paca, which is considen
among the best of the denizens of the forest, yet
was not so palatable to my taste as that spoken
in the previous paragraph.

Among the things eaten here is a large lizai

that corresponds in appearance and proportions

a young alligator, being frequently two and a ha

feet long. I have seen the flesh dressed, and

■ • presented a very nice aspect, yet the associatioi

in my mind with the class of reptiles, render th

animal b^^ no means desirable as a part of my bi

of fare. It is said to be a foe to the Cobra, whic
i •

;■ is known to be the most venomous of reptiles, an

I in their conflicts the lizard is always the victor, ki

ing its antagonist very promptly. These lar^

lizards are very numerous in all' parts of tl

province, and this perhaps explains the comparatii

scarcity of the cobra, of which but two have be(

seen throughout my tours. These were both larg

and resembled veiy much the rattlesnake which

very common in the United States, and equal

venomous as the cobra. I encountered these vei

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV. 191

mous serpents in crossing the Serra Paranapiaca,
and my Camarada succeeded in killing both. It
was a region suited to all that is disagreeable, as
mortal man never perhaps travelled, with greater
inconveniences and hazards of life and limb, than I
brooked in my desperate resolve to cross this almost
impassable Serra.

The Tapir is another fine species of game found
here, and being of the proportions of an ox, it
affords quite a feast when one is captured in the
chase.

In the dense unpopulated parts they are still
said to be very abundant, and it is considered one
of the most exciting exercises of the sportsman to
get a pack of dogs after this animal.

Tigers are said to be frequent in most of the
woods, and I saw several skins, but they are for the
most part small, and not prone to do mischief.

Monkeys likewise abound, but are shy and keep
concealed.

CONFIGURATION, AND QUALITY OF LANDS.

In considering the qualities and configuration
of the lands in this province, they may be appro-
priately divided into four distinct sections :

First — ^The coast lands lying adjacent to Santos,
ConceigSo, Cananea, and Iguape. .

192 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Second. — ^The table lands lying adjacent to Cam-
pinas, Limeira, Kio Olaro, Araraquara, Brotas, Jah6,
and Botacutli.

Third. — ^The mixed lands lying adjacent to Sflo
Paulo, Jundiahy, Itii, Porto Felix, Sorocaba^ Ita-
peninga, and Paranapanema.

Fowrth. — ^The river lands lying adjacent to
Yporanga and Xiririca, and located npon the Eibe-
ira de Iguape and its tributaries.

Though fully aware that there is not that xmi-
formity of soil or allocation, in any one of these
sections, which will render any general description
applicable to all the parts, yet there is a conformity
to a standard in type of land, that warrants the
distinction here made.

There are likewise natural limitations in the
structure of the serras, and the arrangement of the
water courses, which further favor this grouping of
parts together, and at the same time separating
them from others more allied to each other.

That portion of territory styled Coast land lies
between the sea and the crest of a serra, or high
range of hills, extending with little interruption
from one extremity to the other of region indicated.
The soil has two distinct aspects : that of the low,
flat and moist land, extending from the edge of the
water to the foot of the serra ; and the other being

OFFICIAL BHPOBT SO. IT. 1

an elevated slope constituting tie side of the serra
looking towards the sea. The former consiata, for
the most part, of sand with decayed vegetable mat-
ter, and in some parts having an admixture of rotten
shell or marl. When the vegetable matter predomi-
nates, it is of a dark color, and in most parts is well
suited to the growth of rice. In such places as the
two formation elements are united favorably with
the sand, the character of the soil is improved, and
the yield increased.

The more elevated slope of the serra has more
of the clay basis, and with some sand and vegetable
matter, constitutes in parts a soil upon which corn
and cotton grow moderately well. When the wash-
ings from the hill sides become mixed with the less |
consistent materials of the flat below, a very decided
improvement is observed, and sugar cane finds an
appropriate place. A small experiment of bringing
down the clay soil of the hill side, and incoiporating ,
it with the moist sandy soil of the low land, would
satisfy those cultivating these lands of its advan-
tages ; and no labor that can be bestowed upon I
this soil, would be so likely to prove remunerative i
to the agiiculturist.

On the flat marshy land of this section, the man-
gue-bravo and the mangne-manao grow in great 1
abundance, the bark of the tbrmer, and the leaves j

194 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

of the latter, being used extensively for tanning
leather. There are trees of various kinds growing
upon the slopes of the serra, which are well suited
to domestic purposes and yet but little used.

In the second section the diversity of soil, and
the contrast in the general aspects of the country is
particularly striking ; the most fertile lands beingr.
in close contact with the most sterile ; and the most
>exuberant vegetation, with trees of the greatest
magnitude, covering the former ; while the latter is
very sparsely supplied with a growth of low scruh
by trees and coarse grass. The matta virgem lands
Je cHefly of the vJiety of terra roc^ fnd of the
very best quality ; but there are also found lai^e
bodies of terra branca, covered with a growth of
large trees, and some of the most usefiil kinds
abound in this section.

In the district of limeira I was favored with the
inspection of 36 different specimens of wood grown
there and considered valuable for building or the
construction of various articles. Among other valu-
able trees of this section the Avindiaba is abundant,
and is considered the most durable when exposed
to the weather, or placed partly in the earth.

In the terra rocha lands the Pdo-de-alho and the
Figueira-branca are foimd associated in large num-

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV 195

ber and of huge proportions, and are considered the
"best indications of fertility of soiL

The campo lands of this section are of two dis-
tinct aspects, terra vermelha, and terra branca, the
former having a place in the neighborhood of Arara-
quara, while the latter is found near Rio Claro and
Brotas, and is very inferior either for grazing or for
cultivation. ' The red campos produce in many
places fine grass, and quite a variety of finiits and
medicinal plants, but so far as was observed there
has been very little attempted in cultivating these
lands.

It is said by almost every planter, that the use
of the plow would secure a yield from these ^ed
•campos but my doubts of their productiveness,
without the use of manure, can only be removed by
a successful experiment in their cultivation. The
indigo grows spontaneously upon this soil, and
doubtless its systematic cultivation, and manufac-
ture, would prove very profitable.

In various portions of this section, where the ter-
ra rocha prevails, the coffee is grown upon a mag-
nificent scale, and the appliances for treating it have
been carried to the greatest perfection. The sugar
cane has also received much attention in former
years, and extensive establishments for its manufac-

196 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBSL

ture into sugar, syrup or rum have been in operar
tion very successfully.

One of the greatest difficulties in the remote
part of this section is the transportation of products
to a market, and yet with the remarkable fertility
of the soil, the population are enjoying a prosperity
which is not found elsewhere. For many things a
market has been found in neighboring parts of the
province ; but now that cotton is cultivated it is
very important that better means of transportation
shall be provided ; and it is thought to be entirely
practicable to extend the line of railroad towards
Araraquara, thus giving that rich country an outlet
for its products. The cotton crop of that region is
likely to be very important, as a yield of 2,400
pounds to the acre was reported to me from one
field, and this far exceeds the best results of cotton
growing in the United States. Not only is the soil
here well adapted to cotton, but there is a decided
advantage in the continuous growth of the plant
from year to year, whereas in the United States it
is killed annually by the frost and the crop cut
short.

The facilities for water are abundant in all parts
of this section, and scarcely is a house found with-
out some mechanical operation by the supply of
water. Saw mills, and small mills for grinding

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV. 197

corn, are very common, while those for cotton are
also introduced in some places.

The Monjola is an institution of former days, to
which many of the inhabitants still adhere most
pertinaciously for the fabrication of farinha and big
hominy.

The pleasant associations with this section have
been marred by the frequent exhibition of persons
laboring under that deformity of the neck known
technically as bronchocele (papo), and not only are
females of all ages laboring under it, but males in
like manner are found with it to a large extent.
It seems to be more prevalent with those living
near the serras, and is perhaps attributable in some
measure to the mode of living, as well as to the
drinking of the water from these elevated mineral
reservoirs. The extensive prevalence of this affec-
tion at the foot of the Alps has been assigned to
drinking snow water, but in the serras of Brazil
some other agent induces it, and most likely it is
from a similar cause in each location, connected
with the traces of volcanic minerals in these moun-
tain elevations.

Leprosy is also observed to some extent, and is
one of the most offensive diseases of the skin and
other tissues. In other respects the health of this
section is very good.

198 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHSBNEBS:

In the third section of our division of the lands,
there is an admixture of campo and matta lands in
some parts, inducing a sort of mean strength of soil
that fells far short of the prime quality of land in
the former section. In other parts the campos pre-
vail and there are large undulating plains covered
with green grass that serves well to support the cat-
tle that are seen grazing upon them. When a por-
tion of woodland is observed in connection with
these plains it partakes of the nature of thiose hil-
locks and irregular elevations, which characterize
the forest lands in other parts of this section. The
soil is for the most part of a dark grey aspect, re-
sulting from the admixture of sand with decomposed
vegetable matter, and there is underneath this
usually a basis of light blueish clay, which assumes
nearly an ash color in its union with the superficial
soil.

The color of this clay varies considerably in
various specimens of this land, but it all has more
or less sand incorporated with it, and thus is not
very liable to become hard and impervious to the
roots of plants. Though the lands of this section
are not endowed with the strength or the per-
manency of those previously described they have
proved to be well adapted to the culture of cotton.
Many plantations which were regarded as quite

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV,

■unprofitable prior to the introduction of tbe cotton, I
are now growing tbe plant successfiilly ; and I was I
favored with a visit to a cotton field near Sorocata, I
that promises to make a yield little inferior to the I
finest lands seen elsewhere. / 1

In all parts where the cotton has received a fair
trial npon the average lands of this section the ]
residt has been favorable ; and the regions adjacent 1
to Itu and Porto Feliz are likely to have new life
infused into the agriculturists by their success in
growing this plant. Even in the remote districts ]
of Itapetininga and Paranapanema, the cotton is j
attracting attention, and a few persons have already I
tested the practicability of producing a fair article. J
It is likely to remunerate well the laborer at present ]
prices, even with the long distance, and the high 1
tariff charged for transportation to Santos. This |
region of country seems to be more naturally sup- !
plied with an outlet by the Ribeira, and the road
which has been undertaken to Sete Barras, would '
afford an important line of communication, yet at
present it is considered entirely impracticable even
for pack mules.

The water power in this section is brought into J
requisition at a few places only, and cotton ginal
were found i-unning by steam at Itii and Soroeaba;
while at Itapetininga the most ludicrous display of 1

200 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB 80UTHEBNEBS.

motive power the world lias ever produced, was
witnessed in the operation of a treadmill worked by
three men, for the ginning cotton.
- There is within four miles of ltd au extrao^
dinary combination of facilities for the erection of
machinery, afforded by the (Salto) fall of water in
the river Tiete; and if an enterprising company
would establish a cotton factory at that point, it
might receive all the crude material from the river
below, as it is navigable in large canoes up to this
place. A direct road from this place to the railroad
at Jundiahy, or wherever it should be found most
practicable, would give at once an outlet to all its
fabrics ; and the interest of this section materially
promoted, while the owners would certainly obtain
a good return for the capital invested.

The lands and climate in the vicinity of ItA
seem to be well suited to the production of fruits
and grapes, and the specimens imported from the
United States are yielding very satisfactorily.

The Quarry of slate or flag stone near Itii is a
most interesting display of nature's works, and the
beautiful pavements of the town show how admi-
rably adapted it is to a more extended usefulness,
could any economical means of transportation be
devised to convey it to other parts of the country.
Such a mas3 of flag stone convenient to any large

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV. 201

city would be a valuable acqtdsition, whereas now it
lies almost useless.

NotMng has been encountered in this section of
greater importance than the grand reservoir of Iron
ore at Ypanema, which contains 80 per cent, of
metal of the best quality that can be found in any
country ; and though the Government is now once
more making an eflfort to bring their appliances into
successful operation, perhaps all wiU concur in the
opinion that a private, organization, with a large
capital, would be more likely to secure the desired
result. If an energetic company were permitted to
take the place, with some assistance from the Gov-
ernment, their individual interests would infuse an
energy into the enterprise which is not likely to
attend any plan adopted by the Government. It is
said^ to be but fifteen leagues to the Juquid,, and
that the route may be made practicable for wagons,
carts, etc.

The fourth^ and last division of territory, consist-
ing of the lands lying upon the Kibeira de Iguape
and its tributaries, is included between the Sen'a
de Cadeias which bounds the coast lands, and the
Serra Paranapiaca, which separates this from the
third section. The lands are in many places very
irregular, and in some parts almost mountainous,

but descending from Yporanga towards Xiririca,

202 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS. ,

the conformation of tlie sutSeu^ improves^ and in
passing across the country towards Cananea it even
assumes the character of an undulating plain.

The forest lands prevail throughout this entire
section, there being no campos found within its
limits, .and the original growth is found in all parts^
excepting near the Ribeira, where the larger tracts
of land were formerly planted, but subsequently al-
lowed to lie idle, and have produced a secondary
forest. The trees are not generally so large as those
observed in the rich terra rocha of the second sec-
tion, but still there are many of immense propor-
tions, and providing materials for canoes that will
carry two thousand pounds of freight to market
The Canella Preta, Axariba, Peroba and Batalha are
some of the most useful for canoes.

The soil immediately upon the banks of the
Ribeira is a mass of rich loam, formed by the
gradual decomposition of earth and vegetable mat-
ter, with very little sand. It presents very much
the appearance of wet ashes, with a depth usually
of five or six feet upon the immediate margin.
From the mouth of the Juquia up to the Juquary,
a distance of twenty-five miles, the banks of the
Ribeira are high and in many places perpendicular.
But in others they have a slight inclination, which
is covered with the most luxuriant (capim) grass.

W OFFICIAL REPORT NO. 17. 202^^|

It 18 very rare that mimdations occur in this i'egion,^^B
and snarnfilv p.vf^r rlnfis tlifl rivpr crn hp.vonfl tlip. V

and scarcely ever does the river go beyond the
Thanks above Xiririca, la tlie lower lands, nearer
to Iguape, the water ia said to cover large tracts of
country when rains cause a great increase in th<
Ribeiia ; and the limit of the desirable region ft
cultivation does not descend much below th(
mouth of the Paraqueira river, but a short distaui
below the Jacupii-anga, on the south side of th(
Eibeira.

In passing from the Eibeira to the interif
lands, quite a different soli is obseiTed, and wil
various modifications, as it is elevated or low land.

Upon the bills the surface presents usually a
dark aspect, from the admixture of decayed vege-
table matter with the other ingredients of the soi
and having in moat specimens some aand mingh
with it. This is usually from three to fom- inchi
thick, and beneath is found a more compact mulatto
soil, with the predominating element of clay com-
mingled with the sand. This presents a consistent
xmiform mass, and is a good basis for the more pi
ishable superstructure of vegetable loam. It
found to support vegetation well, when all thi
superficial dai'k soil has been removed, and thoug]
the primary yield of the eaith is evidently betti
this evidence of stamina in the dark strata is

204 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHBBNEBS.

portant for the growth of such articles as send roots
deeply in the earth. In the level places near the
smaller streams, and in the valleys between the
hills, there is more of the vegetable monld in the
soil, and the clay basis seems to be more variable
in color, being of a light blue aspect in many situa-
tions. It does not indicate a soil so permanent, or
so fertile, as that of more elevated positions, and
yet corn and rice grow well in these situations.

The hills slope gradually down to these level
plains, but the line of demarcation in the soil is
generally very well defined, manifesting an ori-
ginal diflference in the constituent elements of the
land.

The territory lying above the town of Xiririca
and adjacent to the waters of the Ribeira Jaquary,
presents an elevated tract of land varied by hiUs,
plains and valleys, which embodies all the con-
ditions of a desirable location, and is adapted to the
growth of all the staples of the country. In con-
nection with other articles the cojffee was there seen
growing most satisfactorily, and the trees were
heavily laden with fruit. The reports of the cul-
ture of coffee in this region were not based upon
any systematic records, yet they indicated a favor-
able result of the experiments that have been thus
far made, and from my own observation, I am in-

OFFICIAL KEFOET HO. IV,

205 i

clined to think tiat coffee may be suceessftiUy cul-
tivated in this region of country near Xirii-ica.

Com has long been a staple commodity, and the
growing crops present a good appearance, Tlie j
cotton has been planted by a few persons with good I
results, and the culture is now being much extended. I

The communication with this section is attend-
ed with less difficulty than any of the others, and
the transportation by canoea to Iguape ia much j
cheaper than it would be by land, and thence jiro- I
ducts may go either to Santos or Hio de Janeiro I
with comparatively small outlay for freight.

Independent of the large bodies of public lands J
in this section, which are available, there are several I
square leagues of private lands, lyiag parallel with I
the Ribeira, at an average distance of one league I
from it, which may be purchased by emigrants upon ]
reasonable terms, these lands have some portions '
xmder cultivation, and a number of houses located
upon them, with lines of communication with the
river at three points, one about twelve miles below.
Upon each of these lines, roads might be construct- i
ed that would serve for wagons and carts, and the i
assistance of the Government in this matter wouldf
render these lands desirable for the first settlement!
of emigrants, as private airangements can be madel
satisfactorily for their inmiediate occupation.

206 BRAZIL THE HOUE FOB 80UTHSRNEBS.

The lands of the Gov^nment lying adjacent to
these, and between them and Gananea, extending
towards Parand, will accommodate an immense
population, and if it should meet the views of our
people to settle upon these lands, lines of commu-
nication through this territory become at once
necessary. A good wagon road fipom Xiririca to
the port of the Colony of Gananea would perhaps
be most in demand at the outset, and this is indi-
cated even in advance of settlement so that the
household furniture and farming implements of emi-
grants locating near this line, may be transported
to their destination. There being steam navigation
to both of these points, a practicable public road con-
necting these would enable those who might locate
upon either side of it, to communicate with Xiriri-
ca, or with the port of Gananea, as might be most
convenient to them, and will be required primarily
for the passage of emigrants and the transportation
of their household supplies, as well as the articles
necessary for cultivating the ground and treating
its products. But secondarily its importance is
greatly enhanced by affording an outlet for the
various commodities which may be sent to market
from this fertile region of country lying between
these places. The route indicated is thought by
engineers to be very favorable for the location of a

OFFICIAL EEPORT NO. IV. 207 j

good wagon road, and eliould Yom- Excellency I
think proper to authorize it to be made f'ortliwitli,
it would constitute an important recommendation
of this section for the settlement of emigrants fi'om 1
the southern paxt of the United States of America.

In addition to the advantage of procuring lands i
at small cost from the Government, the facility of I
reaching by water communication renders the trans- ■!
portation to and from this section much less expen-
sive, than in situations where it ia necessaiy to use I
pack mides, and the promptness of communication J
■with other parts is also a matter of much moment i
in the settlement of a country.

Families may reach either Cananea or Xiririca
"by steamer, taking all their utensils with them, and
■with roads leading into the interior they may be
domesticated in a few days after arrival.

As to the health of all this country, after leav- i
ing the coast it is unquestionably good. Those re- I
siding low down upon the Ribeira and in the vicin-
ity of Iguape and Cananea, ai'e not likely to have J
good health, but that low land is not included in I
the tenitory indicated as appropriate for oiu- people, J
and it does not in any way aftect the salubrity of I
the more elevated lauds. The aspect of the people T
living even immediately upon the banks of the J
livers in the vicinity of Xiririca is healthy and vig- J

208 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR 80UTHEBNEBS.

orous, and tlie more rapid flow, of the water, with
the general configuration of the country, indicates
an entire exemption from all miasmatic diseases.
The climate in this locality is more genial than a
more northern latitude and the elevation of the
lands affords entire exemption from that dampness
of the atmosphere which is found in low situationa
Intermittent fever is imknown in this locality.

None of those swellings of the neck known as
papo are found here. And no instance of leprosy
has been seen or heard of in this entire section.
Whether these affections result from improper diet
and poor living, from bad water or from climate, it
is certainly preferable for families to locate where
they do not exist, and thus have the assurance that
the influence which produces them is not in opera-
tion.

Good lands, good climate, good means of trans-
portation, and good health, are the inducements for
locating in this section of the country, and I doubt
whether a more favorable combination can be found
elsewhere.

I have the honor to express my obligation to
Your Excellency and also to the President of the
Province of Sfio Paulo, for the consideration ex-
tended to me personally, and for the means afforded
for examining this coimtry. My thanks are respect-

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. IV. 209

folly returned for the same. I am pleased likewise
to acknowledge the receipt of many favors from pri-
vate persons which have greatly facilitated my ob-
ject, and for which I feel truly grateful. With sen-
timents of the greatest respect, I am yom* obliged
and obedient servant,

J. M. F. Gastest.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE LABOB QUESTION.

To Mr. Jacob Humbird, of Maryland, a rest
dent of Brazil, and an active friend of such
Southerners, as intend to emigrate to that country,
the following sensible article, on the vital subject
of labor, was addressed. This gentleman has been
for many years, largely, and successfully engaged in
railroad building: consequently, he is eminently
competent, from long experience, to judge of any
system of labor, and of all systems, relatively con-
sidered.

I am aware of the fact, that he fiilly endorses
the views expressed in the letter, as printed below.

It is to his brain, and energy, that Brazil is
indebted, for the completion of a large portion of
that almost impossible enterprise, the Dom Pedro
Segunda Railroad. This road is intended to con-
nect Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the Empire,

THE LABOR QUESTION. 211

with the rich interior Province of Minas (mines).
A large portion, as I said before, and the most
difficult of all, has been completed by Mr. Hum-
bird : and the survey, for a much greater extension, '^
is now going forward. b. s. d.

" To Jacob Humbied Esq.

" My Dear Sir : I must, as you well know, hold
you entirely responsible for the translation and
publication in English of the following letter, which
I originally wrote in Portuguese, without the
slightest intention of its being read in any other
language, and scarcely, indeed, beyond our Province
of Sao Paulo.

" When you lately visited us here, however, you
expressed a lively interest in its contents, as having
reference to a certain new phase which has de-
veloped itself in your own country, and a certain
movement which is being- made by many of your
friends and countrymen with a view to establish
for themselves a home in the splendid climate, and
on the prolific soil of this Province. Actuated by
this feeling, you asked, and afterwards indeed
pressed me for a translation of my letter, in order
that you might send it for publication to Baltimore,
and thus to a certain extent make the public in the
Southern States even more acquainted with certain

212 BRAZIL THI HOME FOB SOUTHEaNEBS.

facts probably already known to some of lihem
through those of your countrymen who have beeaa
visiting these regions. I felt that I could not refose
you, firstly, because I was anxious to conform with
your wishes, so kindly expressed to me, and second-
ly, because I am very anxious to do everything in
my power to make those who are already resolved
on emigration somewhere, aware of what a really
happy future is abundantly open to them heia
I am quite confident that any families coming fix)ia
the Southern States to Brazil, will be best satisfied
by coming to this Province, because it so imques-
tionably unites fertility with salubrity, and offers
an entirely new field for their well-known cultiva-
tion of the cotton plant.

^' In my short, and (so far as the foreigner is
concerned) very imperfect letter, I have sufficiently
touched upon this latter subject to excite attention,
and it will be observed that what I say is not only
derived from actual facts already existing in this
Province, but from actual observations made to me
by the American planters whom I accompanied.
Nor do I shrink from declaring strongly the urgent
necessity for roads. I have done this in connection
with our own great enterprise, seeking to arouse
public opinion and public action on the subject, in
a country where all are too apt to lie still and cry

THE LABOR (fUVSTtOS. 319

aloud to tHe Government. This absence of
roads, after all, to an enterprising race, sucli aS
yours and mine, is but a comparatively small mat-
ter to remedy. The great fact for your friends to
bear in mind is that they have got the cotton. If
the roads were here, and the cotton produce had to
■be tried and proved, that reverse of the picture
■would be far more serious ; but, in truth, the cotton
13 here, and we only want the roads. The immi-
gration of any considerable number of your North-
American families here would very soon put aU
this in order, and of one thing towards that end I
feel very confident viz. : that any reasonable amount
of money would be readily forthcoming in England,
to advance railways or tramways throughout the
country, were it once well-known that a substantial
'imnugration from the States were an established!
fact.

"There are, of course, always certain serious
questions to be taken into account when one eon-
templates a new and final movement. Let me say,
even in the changing of a house there are dlfBculties
to be considered, and how much more so in the
changing of a country. No doubt one of the gravest
considerations among your friends must be that of
labor. But then firstly, I think they ought to
recollect that they are leaving a very difficult

214 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

question of labor behind ! They are not proposing
to adopt Sao Paulo (I shall only talk of SSo Paulo)
from any theory of colonization, leaving their old
country in its old established perfection of labor
and production ; but they are leaving it from deep
and weighty reasons which essentially arise from
causes connected with the labor question there;
they are leaving it because (among other painfdl
features of the case) the former life of employer
and laborer appears to them to be no longer pos-
sible ! In contemplating, therefore, the difficulties
of the labor question here, they must strictly bear
in mind the difficulties of the labor question there :
and that the comparison is not between the old
and the new, but it is between the old, broken up
and gone, vnth all its rough and woimding frag-
ments lying abroad, and the new which has to be
entirely built up, on open ground.

"Bearing all this in mind, so as to keep a
proper .estimate of the two positions well in sight,
I do not think your friends need be very distrustful
of the labor question here. We know it is a serious
question and that there is lack of labor as a general
rule, but then, as I have already told you in our
conversations, and I think you allowed the justice
of the observation, I believe the want of the regu-
lar laborer here to arise in a great degree from the

THE LABOE

2151

want of the regular employer, and tLe regular pay j
for labor. Without employment we well know 1
there cannot he a labor market, and hitherto in the I
agriculture of this province, there never has been ]
regular employment oflfering remuneration. Hence [
the total absence of any working syatem.

" Now, on our own railway, we cannot truly 1
Bay that we have ever felt the want of labor : yet ■
when we first began, there certainly was an India
position generally speaking to work. But bye and
"bye when one and the other found out that a
week's labor really meant a week'8 money, and that
the work was really there, and the constant master
there too to pay the money for the work, then the .
laborer began to comprehend his real position |
better.

" One told the other bow the case was, how the
remnneration for his toil really glittered in
hand, on pay-day, and how he really earned hia ■
bread and independence ; and very soon disinclina- 1
-tion gave place to willingness, and aU wanted to I
come and learn to work, and get their money as 1
their fiiends were doing.

" Now once establish a good fixed employing class, I
such as a good army of your cotton-growers would (
be, and you will quickly have a good fixed laboiing I

ja. I speak even of the Province aa it is: but|

216 BBAZIL THB HOME FOR SQDTHERNSBS.

see wliat changes are about to take place, and see
what fame in Europe, a good settlement of your
countrymen would spread! What changes, too,
your own coming would of itself produce, with all
your well-understood economy and machinery.
Then, as I say in my letter, what a number of hands,
hard-working hands on bad roads, our own railway
and its expected feeders and branches, when open
would set at liberty to work as you would teach
them : consider, too, how your coming would ex-
pedite the road-making, and lastly what thousands
of hard-iWorking Germans would come to you firom
abroad : really hard-workers, ready and anxious to
learn to employ themselves.

" These poor people have, already, from time to
time, come over in crowds to Brazil : but they have
been disappointed and disheartened, and of late the
Brazilian emigration agents have been in great dis-
repute. I can give one good and very good reason
for all this : viz., that on their arrival here, they
have found no real community of employers, and
that their scene of poverty was only changed from
one country to another ! These immigrants or col-
onists have thus done very little, either for them-
selves or for Brazil, and under a continuance of the
present state of things, are, on both accounts, better
away.

THE LABOR QUESTION. 217

" But once established a good paying and em-
ploying community, sucli as your planters would
be, then these poor industrious people would flock
to Brazil again, and gaining a handsome living
here, would be the very hands your people could
best turn to account, and greatly benefit both them-
selves and Brazil ! — I do not really fear the labor
question ; let your people only come, and they will
draw the labor after them.

" Before making my letter too long, it occurs to
me to say, too, that I think there is some fallacy in
your friends all wishing to go so far up country.
It is there, no doubt, that all the very richest lands
lie, but then it is equally true that, as regards cot-
ton, even where I accompanied my fellow-travellers,
only seventeen leagues from this city, they found
rough cultivation (as I have written) producing
twice and three times their usual home qualities !
Finding lands then, at less prices perhaps, why go
away so far ? — ^For coffee, I admit, this is necessary,
but not for cotton. Even in the close neighborhood
of this city, there are excellent lands for this culti-
vation. And on this particular point let me call
your and their especial attention to the fact that
the small sample which I first sent home to England
in April, 1861, which began all this late movement
of the last five years, (which I alone have fostered

218 BBAZIL THB HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

and promoted as a foreigner here) was gathered on
ground, abandoned for years, on the margin of the
River Tiete, not one league from where I am now
writing ! And that sample, rude and ugly as it
was, was valued at a milreis or 50 cts. per lb ! It
was that extraordinary intelligence that set me to
work here I Indeed let me further say, that an
immense proportion of our present first re^ hardest
of cotton, is grown on grounds in easy distance of
the railway and SSo Paulo city. Nor is it only in
the direction of our line that cotton grows.

" In the north of the Province, towards that of
Rio de Janeiro, for example, there have been new
plantations made, which this year, must give
abundantly ; and I speak of this feet emphatically,
because the Government have just conceded the
right to make a branch line to these districts, from
our station at Rio Grande, which, you know, will
bring them within three hours of the port of
Santos. If such lands will give two and three
times what lands in your States will give, for the
reason set forth in my letter, what more can be
desired, if only for a beginning? This whole
Province, in proper hands, may, in a short time be
aiade a garden of coflfee, cotton, corn and sugar.

" Well ! I will say no more, but I believe that
you will not contradict anything that I have saicL

THE LABOR QUESTION. 219

You have paid us a short visit, and you made the
best of your time while you were among us. Your
countrymen have, many of them, now explored
many distant parts, and all the information they
have gathered will go home, written in truth, and
speaking of things as they really found them. I
cannot believe but that the result must be most
happy for this Province in bringing to it a large
proportion of those of your people who resolve to
change their country. This will be to them a new
one, ftdl of speedy promise, and suffering only those
drawbacks, — want of roads and houses, — ^which
admit of easiest remedy.

" The form and figure exist, and only wait the
drapery. The power is here and only wants the
mover. Wherever your people tread, they will be
able to draw produce from a ready and abundant
soil, and settle almost where they will, it will re-
spond with gratitude. Let them come and see

" The world is all before them, were to choose
" A place of rest, and Providence their guide !

" Believe me, my dear Sir,
" Very faithfully yours,

" T. T. AUBERTIN.
" Sao Paulo, Feb, 8, 1866."

CHAPTER XIV.

COTTON IN BKAZIL.

This chapter is taken from an editorial in the
Anglo-Brazilian Times, of January 8, 1866 :

Only three or four years ago, when the great
North- American struggle was developing itself, and
the minds of all persons interested in the absorbing
question of the day — ^the future supply of that cot-
ton on which so much of England's manufacturing
supremacy was based, were eagerly exploring all
the known countries of the world, in quest of new
cotton-growing regions, whence to derive present
supplies and render the manufacturers released
from their almost total dependence upon a rival
country, — in oracling upon the subject the general
conclusion of writers on the cotton future, was, that
India, is the only country possessing sufficient ex-
tent of cotton-growing districts to be practically a
competitor with the Southern States for the posses-

OOrrOK IN BRAZIL.

221 I

sion of the marketa of Europe ; Brazil being sum-
marily classed among the minor cotton regionB, and '
cursorily set down as capable of furnishing perhapa
two hundi'ed thousand or three hundred thousand
es.

Yet, though it was not altogether unknown that
cotton of a fine quality was indigenous in many
parts, and furnished the Indiana with several arti-
cles useful to them in their mde life ; due attention
■was not paid to the circumstance of it being found
Bo commonly disseminated in Brazil, nor to the fact
that, in the days of gold and diamond mining, and
Beclusion from free commercial intercourse, many
Bmall manufactories of coarse cotton cloths were
located here and there, even in the scantily popu-
lated regions of Matto Grosso and Goyaz ; some of
■which still exist, which supplied the unsybaritic
■wants of the Brazilians of those days, before the
cheapening of the imported article, the greater lux-
ury of tastes induced by more extended acquaint-
ance with European wares, and the great demand
for Brazilian products, turned attention from manu-
facturing pursuits and gold washings to the agii-
culture of the country as the most rapid means of
acquiring wealth.

Now, however, through the increased importance!
which its culture assumed in the eyes of the Bra-

■

222 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNEBS.

zilian fazendeiros ; in view of the liigli prices obtwn-
able in the marts of Europe, prompted and encoiff-
aged by enlightened gentlemen, both native and
foreign, who saw in the growth of cotton a source
of emolument and prestige to Brazil, juster ideas
can be formed of its capacities as a cotton-growing
country. Under all these influences its culture has
been revived in some localities, widely extended in
others, essayed and found lucrative in many before
unthought o^ and not a province, save perhaps
war-troubled Matto Grosso, but contributed to the
largely increased exportation during the past year
to the markets of Europe ; and it can now be rested
on as an established fact that, from the region
directly under the equatorial sun to the southern-
most and therefore coolest provinces ; from the low
lands bathed by the waters of the South Atlantic
to the high plains of the west, — in almost the total-
ity of the three millions of square miles comprised
in the superficies of Brazil, the culture of cotton
may be successfully pursued ; and more — ^that the
climate is so eminently favorable to its growth and
harvesting that, were Brazil as practised as the
United States in the employment of labor-savii^
implements and means of conveyance, such is its
superiority in the quality and yield of herbaceous
cotton as compared with the growth in the best

COTTON IN BRAZIL. 2^23

cotton districts of tlie latter country that Brazil
could afford to undersell the producers of tte
Southern States even in their own home porta.

Some of the cotton erpoi'ted during the past
year was gathered a thousand miles away in the
interior, was fi-eed from its seeds by the slow and
costly operations of the antiquated churka gin, and'
was transported on mule back on a journey two
months of steady travel, yet a price of some 12d a
pound in Kio was sufficient to induce the farmers of
that region to gather it from the cotton trees that
grew around uncared for, and to submit it to the
slow process of their inefficient and primitive clean-
ing machinery.

The culture of coffee has for many years been
the favorite branch of Brazilian agriculture, giving
enormous profits under a system of hoe labor and
rapid exhaustion of the soil ; but it is the opinion
of many experienced men that, with the general
employment of modem implements of husbandry
and of improved gins for separating the fibre from
the seed, cotton would rapidly surpass coffee on all
lands adapted to the use of such implements ; that
"when the labor of- the negroes is supplemented by
that of animals of traction, and the work and intel-
ligence of one man thus represent the brute force
alone of five or six under the present mode, the

224 BRAZIL THB HOME FOB SOUTHSKNEB&

profits derived from the culture of tlie herbaceous
annual, cotton, will be greater and surer than from
the perennial, coffee. For the demonstrating of
this proposition we look to the labors of the Amer-
ican planters now coming into Brazil, rather than
to Brazilian fazendeiros, who, mostly used to a sys-
tem of hand labor under which lai^ profits are
attainable, are not, as a body, prepared to give up
old habits and prepossessions without having the
demonstration wrought out before them.

But with this in sight ; with the plow and the
harrow in the field, staying exhaustion, increasing
the yield and, besides, the breadth of land in culti-
vation ; with improved cotton gins saving time and
labor ; with wagons on the farms and roads^ facili-
tating and cheapening transport; it may reasona-
bly be expected that, even with the present num-
ber of producing hands in Brazil, the export of cot-
ton could be enormously increased without trench-
ing on the production of coffee on its present scala

Cotton, moreover, is a staple which is well
adapted to the capabilities of white labor and small
proprietorship. Its cultivation and gathering exact 1
no excessive toil, or exposure to injurious influen-
ces. Children and women can assist in planting
and harvesting without tasking their powers too
strongly. The presses are a matter of home manu-

COTTON IN BRAZIL, 225

facture, and tlie outlay for a gin could be distrib-
uted among several individuals of the same settle-
ment. And, what is of prime importance to this
class, in selling the ligneous fibre of the cotton
plant they do not send away the most valuable
constituents of the soil, and therefore do not need,
like the coffee planters, to maintain large tracts of
virgin soil to substitute for their rapidly exhaust-
ing fields.

To the extended culture of this crop valuable
results of a social order may arise. The great fazen-
deiro will not find it then his interest to extinguish
the small proprietors to obtain new soU, nor to
hold huge tracts of wild lands such as obstruct the
march of improvement about Rio de Janeiro and in
all the most accessible points. The interior dis-
tricts, unsuitable to coffee, can be reclaimed from
wildness, or the pasturage of a few thousand cattle,
for the cultivation of a crop bearing the cost of
transport ; the colonies, borne down by their pover-
ty, and the inability of their bulky productions to
bear excessive freights, may take fresh root and
thrive. The half vegetating poor Brazilian, now
living miserably in some puny ro§a in the woods,
little better than a slave of his rich and influential
neighor, or following the three parts savage life ot
a " troupeiro," may settle in the goveinment cole*-

10*

226 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

•

nies and become a freeman and a producer of
wealth; the industrious Portuguese that carry
their earnings and their labor home again, may
be induced to devote these earnings to a profitable
culture, and form homes for themselves ; and agri-
cultural immigrants will find in it that desideratum
of the class, the means of procuring money with the
annual first-fruits of their labor.

Cotton has a two-fold value in the eyes of the
Political Economist Not merely does its growth
support and remunerate the agricultural producer,
but its manufacture gives employment to many
hands and many trades, stimulates many sciences^
calls into action the powers of many minds, and
brings wealth and comforts to all — and, if we can-
not yield it the place of king of all the world, it
cannot be denied that it has proved one of the
mightiest engines of modem progress.

CHAPTER XV.

EEPOET OF MAJ. EOBEET MEEEIWETHEE AND DE. H.

A. SHAW TO MAJ. JOS. ABNEY, PBESIDENT SOUTH-

EEN COLONIZATION SOCIETY, EDGEFIELD COUET
HOUSE, S. C.

"Sie: In obedience to written instructions re-
ceived from you, to examine portions of the Empire
of Brazil, and report to you the result of our inves-
tigations, as to climate, productions, laws, religion,
&C.J we left Augusta, Ga., about the 18tli of Octo-
ber, 1865, on the R. R., via Washington City,
where we procured passports, and proceeded to
New York. Securing passage on the "North
America," one of the Brazil and United States line
of steamers to Rio de Janeiro, we left New York on
the 30th of October, and arrived at Rio de Janeiro
on the 26th of November. Here we met several
gentlemen from the South, who had been in Brazil
several months, on the same mission that carried us

228 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

thither. Amongst them we formed the acquam*
tance of Dr. Gastoj^, of Columbia, S. C, who had
made rather an extensive tour in the interior of the
province of St. Paulo. He introduced us to his
Excellency, Paula Souza, Minister of Agriculture, to
whom we explained the objects of our visit, and
presented our credentials. The Minister offered us
every facility desired in the prosecution of our in-
vestigations, furnishing transportation, a guide, an
interpreter, and in most cases, food and lodging.

" The portions of the Empire we were instructed
to visit and examine, were so extensive, .and so
difficult of access, with the means of transportation
attainable in Brazil, that more than two years
would have been required for the accomplishment
of such an enterprise. We therefore concluded to
select a portion of the Territoiy designated in our
instructions, which we supposed best adapted to
the wants and necessities of our people at home,
and to confine our examinations to that particular
Province.

" On our voyage out, we stopped at Pemam-
buco, where we satisfied ourselves that the climate
would not suit the people of our State.' It lies
within ten degrees of the equator, and perpetual
Summer reigns there. The climate is^ damp and
hot, though said to be healthy, but yet the ever-

OITICIAL REPORT NO. V,

229

ing heat must enervate tlie eystem and break
tlie constitution of man. In this province, how-
ever, is grown the beet quality of upland cotton, i
Extracts from an English paper now at hand, quote
Pernambuco cotton at from 1 to l^d higher than i
any other in the great cotton mait of the world. I
Sugar and tobacco are also grown here in great I
perfection. We stopped also at Bahia, two or |
three hundred miles south of Pernambuco, where |
also cotton, sugar, tobacco and all the tropical fruits I
are grown in great perfection. Still, the climate, J
as in Pernambuco, is Equatorial, and liable to the I
same objections.

" After fill! and complete inquii-y and hiveatiga-
tion, the Pravince of San Paulo, lying between 22 J
and 25 degrees south latitude, apjjeared to us thel
most suitable for our people, on account of healthj
climate and productions, being by its whole length!
and breadth, just within the frost line, except its 1
higher tabic lands, which are free from frost the year I
round. With the purpose of exploring this Province J
thoroughly, we left Eio de Janeiro, in company with*
Dr. Gaston, who, as above stated, had seen a con-T
siderable portion thereof, with the guide and inter-B
preter, whom the Minister of Agiiculture had com-J
miaeioned to attend us, and went by steamer 1
Santos, its seaport town. We examined the conn

.^J&.l

230 BBAZIL THB HOME FOR 80UTHEBNEBS.

try around this place, for fifty miles, but were not
satisfied with its healtliftilness, productions, or soil

" Convincing ourselves that the country, lying
between the mountains and seacoast, had no large
bodies of farming lands, we directed our attention
to the interior, beyond the mountains which bound
the coast. Therefore, we took the cars over the
San Paulo and Santos Railroad, the proprietors
kindly giving us free passage both going and re-
turning. This Railroad is not yet completed, but
the cars pass over it to about twenty miles beyond
the city of San Paulo, the capital of the province of [
the same name, and it is graded to Jundathy, forty •
miles from the capital. Its whole completed length ' !
is eighty or ninety miles, connecting the interior of
the province with the seaboard, at Santos. Tliis
port, we omitted to mention, has a very capacious
harbor, an inlet for ships of the largest class, and
by the first of June, it is thought, its Railroad will
be finished. A survey has been made to continue
it about one hundred miles farther to Rio Clara,
but no portion of it is under contract, and gentle-
men conversant with its affairs, imagine some time ]l
will elapse before operations to extend it will com- '
mence.

" At San Paulo we were provided with animals
to prosecute our journey over a country almost

OFFICIAL REPORT NO, V, 231 1

without i-oads ; for the entire transportation in the .
intenor is done on pact mules, except that now and i
then a bullock-cai't ia seen hauling at short distan-
ces, over roada which our wagons certainly could not I
pass. Those carts are of the most primitive charac- I
ter, the wheels and axles ai-e fastened together, and .
aU turn together in moving. We have often seen
as many as ten oxen drawing at one cart, and some-
times many more, and not carrying more than two ■
thousand pounds. The oxen, too, are as fine as we 1
have ever seen.

" The traveller, in going fi'om San Paulo to Botn- j
catd, with the exception of these twenty or more 1
miles of good farming lands, and a patch of wood-
land now and then, on which are usually a house
and a small- field, planted in com and beans, wJU
Bay he has travelled over a vast plain unfriendly toJ
agriculture ; and so, in our opinion, it ia. But infl
the midst of this extensive campo or plain, or if
you please, barren waste, suddenly rises up a moim-
tain or succession of mountains, about fifty or sixty ,
miles in length, by ten or twelve miles wide, evi- 1
dently of a peculiar volcanic formation. As this I
mountain district was the most interesting viaited,,!
we examined it with the gi-eatest care, and satisfied!
ourselves that it contained the richest lands we I
had ever seen. This immense and inconceivably I

232 BRAZIL THE UOME FOB SOUTHERNEBS.

fertile tract is owned, and, to some extent, culti-
vated by small farmers. Ask a man * How much
land do you own ? ' and his usual reply is, * I do
not know exactly, but it is four, six, or ten miles
long, and from four to six miles broad.' The lands
of Brazil, except in rare instances, have not been
surveyed, and no one with whom we have con-
versed on this subject, knows how much land he
owns ; all guess. We saw com growing on these
lands, which would yield more than fifty bushels
per acre. The timber is cut down, allowed to lie and
dry for two months, commonly, and then set on fira
All the timber not consumed by the fire, remains
just as the fire left it, till it rots. Then usually
with a stick — sharpened at the end, sometimes with
a hoe — a hole is made in the ground, the seed, from
five to ten grains, put into this hole and covered
with the foot, and this is all the cultivation the
crops receive. Corn, cotton, rice, sugar cane, tobac-
co, coffee, and all the tropical fruits grow here in
great perfection. We saw peaches and grapes also
of good quality. The most of these lands are
exempt from frost, — the health of this region is
said to be unexceptionable — ^the water of the pur-
est freestone, and the water-power equal to any in
the world. Stock of all kinds, hogs and cattle
especially, are superior. The usual depth of soil is

OFFICIAL REPORT NO. V.

supposed to be thirteen feet, but it ia knomi to
twenty or more in some places. If tbis tract of
coimtiy bad convenient and easy communication
■with the trade of the world^ if there might be any
to equal, there could certainly be none to surpass it.
Its present outlet is by the railroad, oue hundred
and twenty-five miles to its terminus, and from
eighty to one hundred miles by it to Santos. An-
other outlet may be opened for it across the Big
Sierra alluded to above. In that direction, it is
from eighty to one hundred miles to steamboat
navigation on the Juquiil River.

" These lands can be pm'chased at from one to
two dollars per acre, and some tracts or parcels
with considerable improvements.

" If a large number of families from the States
should settle here, we have been assured officially,
that good roads wUl be opened up immediately;
and it is practicable to connect this district by rail-
road with the San Paulo Railroad, or by railroad,
over the Big Sieira to the head of navigation,

" Running parallel with this mountain range is
the river Tiet6, and for about twenty mUes distant,
on either side of which are lands of the best
ity, producing every description of crops, except
coffee, in the greatest perfection and abimdance.
There were some fields of as good, if not better

; qual- ^H
except ^^M
dance. ^^|

234 BBAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUipSRNEBS.

ton than we ever saw before, and without doubt
the best * cultivated gi'ass,' whole fields of which
were from five to seven feet high, and eaten by the
animals with the greatest avidity. There, too, we
found com good enough for any country. Fifty
bushels per acre is a small estimate for it. Our
information is, that for more than one hundred
miles down this valley, the same quality of land
continues. It belongs to private individuals, and
can be bought at from fifty to seventy-five cts. per
acre. It is proper to mention here, that the terri-
tory forty or fifty miles south of the mountain
range above referred to, is in the hands of the In-
dians. The lands in this valley we believe to be ils
good for cotton as any in the United States. The
ordinary estimate of this crop is from two to three
thousand pounds, with but little cultivation. He
character of the soil is what is usually called with
us ^ mulatto,' and its depth from eight inches to five
feet. But a great objection to this exceedingly fer-
tile valley is its liability to chills, which are some-
times malignant.

" In describing these lands more particularly, it
is perhaps proper to remark that the mountains,
though rising to a considerable height, have usually
several long slopes almost level in ascending them,
and the larger portion of them is level enough far

OMIOIAli BKPOBT HO. V.

2351

cultivation. You go along a slope slightly ascend-
ing, for several miles, then up a steep ascent for a
half niile oi' so, to another long slope almost level,
and so on tUl you reach the summit, which is also
a large level tract, from a half to two miles wide.
This land is nearly all ' terra roccha,' of the first
quality. The woods ai'e apparently one immense
cauebrake, though the cane is much larger than
that grown in the States, and called here ' bamboo.'
Timber is abundant ; including furniture wood of
the finest grain, and that most suitable and required
for ship-buildiug.

" We have been particular in the desciiption of
theae landa, for if a number of our people go to Bra-
zil, the districts of Botucatu and Lencoes, and the
adjoining lands of the Tiet6 River, constitute the
section we advise them to examine. In our opin-
ion, a splendid futme awaits this portion of the
province.

" We saw other good lands, but they were in a
high state of cultivation, for Brazil, and could not
be purchased for less than twenty-five, fifty, and a
hundred dollars per acre, since they were planted in
coffee. At Airaquarra, about two himdred miles
from San Paulo, a tract of country, — a fa^enda as
is called there, — is offered for sale, by Di-. Gavia8,_
of San Paulo, containing fivm one hundred and forty:j

-• -■-

1^1.

lies ^H

236 BRAZIL THE HOMB FOB SOUTHEENEBS.

to one iLundred and eighty thonsand acres of land,
for one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars,
on a credit of ten or fifteen years, if desired. We . f
eicamined this, and suppose that from fifteen to
twenty-five thousand acres of it are of good qudHbij^
including some coffee lands, and would produce
com, sugar, &c., to perfection. A large portion of
it is campo, but the best quality of campo we have
seen in the province. The other is woodland, and
will produce com and cotton very well The fifteen,
to twenty thousand acres of good land alluded to
above is 'terra roccha' as the Brazilians term it,
which means land of inexpressible richness and fer-
tility. Upwards of two hundred of very fine cattle
are included in this great bai*gain ; and a dwelling-
house, some outbuildings, and one hundred acres of
cultivated land comprise the improvements on the
place. Each of us has a map of this great private
domain, and will furnish it to any one who desires
it, with all the information we have in regard to its
advantages.

" Lands which lie too low for coffee, are very
little estimated by the Brazilians, and in the dis-
trict of Campenas, within twenty or thirty miles of
the railroad, are some very fine farms, of this de-
scription, with good improvements, which can be
purchased for fix>m two to five dollars per acre.

OFFICIAL REPORT KO, V.

33r

Much of these lands are ' terra roccha,' and all (
them will produce corn, sugar cane and cotton,
admii'ably. Two gentlemen from the States, one \
from Alabama, and the other from Louisiana, have ■
already pui-chased and settled thera

" This report would be incomplete and unsatis- I
factory, if concluded without a statement of the '
prices, particularly for the necessaries of life. The '
cost then of clearing forest lands, according to the
custom of the country, is from $1.50 to $2.00 per
acra Horses, domesticated, can be bought for from ■
$20 to $40 ; unbi-oken, from $15 to $30 ; mare^l
from $5 to $10 ; jacks, fi-om $50 to $100 ; pack!
mules, from $25 to $30 ; riding mules, fi-om $40 t
$80 ; unbroken, in lots, from $12 to $15 ; fat hogi
weighing two hundred pounds each, from $5 to $S;1
'breeders and pigs, in proportion ; sheep from $1.50'!
to $3,00 inferior and scarce ; goats, from $1 to $3 ; I
mUk cows, in lots, from $8 to $10; single, $12 to!
$15 ; oxen fat, from $12 to $20 ; work oxen, from!
$30 to $40; corn usually from 50 to 15 cts.
Beans are worth from $1 to $1.25 per bushel ; riee
from $3 to $3 ; coffee from 7 to 10 cts. per pound ;
leather from $3 to $5, per side ; sugar from G to £
eta. ; rum from 25 to 30 cts. per gallon ; banannai
limes and lemons from ^ to i ct. each ; orangea froiaS

238 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

i to 1 ct each, and pine-apples abundant, when in
season, li'om 1 to 2 ets. each.

" The above are the prices furnished us by citi-
zens in the interior. In the larger towns, most of
these products, particularly fruit, are mucb higher.

" Should ever our people be disposed to emi-
grate to Brazil, it is of the utmost importance that
there should be a concert of action among them.
If they contemplate going in any considerable num-
bers, preliminary arrangements should be made for
shelter and subsistence, and all of them should settle
within a reasonable distance of one another. If this
important consideration is lost sight o^ many will, .
it is feared, become dissatisfied for the want of
proper association, neighbors, &a, and the result
will be, that they will have to move to other Amer-
ican settlements, or be merged, in a short time, in
the native element by which they will be sur-
rounded. A few families, or a few dozen families
can find ample subsistence and shelter in most of
the settlements visited by us, but if more than
these propose to settle far in the interior, at the
same time, we would advise them in order to avoid
disappointment and distress, to make ample prepa-
ration before doing so. Notwithstanding we utter
these words of caution, the citizens assure us that
they will have plenty to subsist a very large nnm-

OFFlOUxl Kfc>^JK'l t^'J. V.

'■J ''-' I

her of immiimiiiT-fc, aii: ii. i-otijt: <;-iuy<;r i»iK^< 'fih.t*j\
one or i-- :•:

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D6Sl ;&Tt .f.

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gear. VMurrji-:^'*

•wHl tim. in.

am: '^--

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r

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and Bfj&»r JUT* -'
the

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*■: - •

240 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

from the States, and also plow-gear of all descrip-
tions, as well as cooking utensils. Perhaps it would
be advisable for each family to provide themselves
with a suitable cooking-stove, as they Mrill find no
chimneys in the interior, brick scarce and expensive^
and stone not very abundant in the vicinity of the
best lands.

" In conclusion, you wUl pardon us for indul^ng
in some general observations, as to the truthful result
of our experience. The vast domain of Brazil, conr
tains the most fertile soU in the Universe, and more
cheap lands to allure the emigrant than ajly other
nation under the sun. For the supply of the mil-
lions that will soon be flocking to her shores, she
abounds in the precious metals and costly gems, and
in the most valuable products known to commerca
* The cattle upon a thousand hills ' are hers, and
may be yours, and such cattle as man never beheld
in any other clime. The earth yields almost spon-
taneously, the grain and fruit and vegetables, that
most delight the palate and satisfy the wants of
men. To gratify the sportsman, the woods are full
of game, of deer, of wild hogs, and partridges and
quails, and of the most delicate birds of every hue
and of every description, whilst her innumerable
rivers and water courses teem with fish of the
greatest variety and the finest flavor. And if the

OFFICIAL REPORT KO. V.

241

people do not catch and eat, it is only hecanse lier !
other produetiona are so highly prized that they
deem it wiser to devote their time to those, and to
fish with ' silver hooks.' There is nothing that ■
man needs or can fancy, which he may not raiae or '
procure here, with the least imaginable toil. Her
water power is sufficient to drive all the machinery
in the world, and her natural and material reaonrees
are equal to the support of the population of Cliina.

" Below Rio de Janeiro, the seasons ai'e precisely
opposed to ours, their spring or planting season, be- J
ginning with the beginning of our Fall, and their I
Bummer beginning with our first, and ending with '
our last winter month. But that nothing may be
■wanting for the encouragement of the agricidturiat,
in this happy region, unlike most of the other pop- 1
tions of the habitable Globe, the summer is its wet, 1
and the winter its dry season, and its good landsJ
never wash away. I

" It may be asked, however, what are the bin- 1
drances and drawbacks to the population and de- I
velopment of this wondrous territory ? What nat- 1
ural enemies has it to man, and to the products (tf 1
the earth ? what wild ferocious animala, and enor- 1
inous reptUes to disturb his repose, and what I
Boxioue insects to destroy the fruits of his labor 1 1
"When we answer these questions frankly, you will!

242 BRAZIL THE HOME FOE SOUTHEENERS.

be amazed at the hallucinations under which you
have labored all your life. We traversed one
Province for over a thousand miles, taking six
months from our departure hence, to make our ex-
plorations, and during the whole of that period,
we discovered no ravenous beasts worth naming,
and only three or four serpents of diminutive size,
and no more to be feared than those seen every day
in your fields and forests. The insects that prey
upon the crops, including the red ant, are not so
destructive as those which infest our richest lands,
and there is no rust or sufficient frost to check or
obstruct the growth of their beautiful cotton.
Moreover, since the memory of man, there has been
no earthquake there, no subterranean fire, no vol-
canic eruptions to appal the hearts or to disturb
the security of its inhabitants, and its men and
women live to a riper old age than even in this
once favored country.

" Though there are a few legal and religious or
canonical impediments to the foreigner or emigrant,
such as that he may not reach one or two of the
highest offices in the State, and may not, if a Prot-
estant, erect a Cross upon his Church, yet the
whole spuit of Brazil is opposed to such hindrances,
and a mighty and united eflfort is now being made,
with the most certain prospects of success, to place

07FI0IAL REPORT NO. T.

the naturalized citizen and the native Brazilian
an exact equality, in all nglits, in all piivilegi
and in all honors that the Government can bestow;

" The constitution of the Empire ie modelled
after the Britieli, abating some of the most objection-
able features, such aa the rights of piimogeniture^
and a hereditary nobility, and the working of tl
government is haj'monious, steady, just and pow
fill. The Emperor is a wise and magnanimous
Ruler, sprung from an intellectual and illustiious
race, and ready at all times to condescend to any
man or thing, compatible with the dignity of his
crown, for the advancement of the interests and the
glory of his country. He and his ministry, and in^
deed, his entii-e people, apjaear to be animated am
actuated by the same enlarged and generous vie'
of the future greatness and the destiny of his wii
and magnificent realm. The foreigner on enterii
Ms dominions finds no prejudices to combat,
antipathies to avoid, but a liberal Minister read;
to welcome, and a population to gi-eet him, and
Sovereign to offer him the powerful protection
his government.

" A large society for the promotion of emigration
has been organized, and some of the ablest and
most honored personages in the coimtry appointed'
its directors. Its special objects are to aid and

on-

^h^S

)ua [

appointecL^^H

244 BRAZIL TH£ HOME FOE SOUTHEBNEBS.

care of the foreigner on lus landing, to protect him
from want as well as from the frauds of the design-
ing, and to vindicate his rights and privil^es
before the Government and the councils of the
nation. The Government has also established a
Hotel for the shelter and acconunodation of the
same class of individuals. Corps of engineers and
surveyors have been appointed to open roads and
survey lands, and there is a spontaneous movement
of the whole Empire to open wide its aims for the
men of enterprise and labor of all nations who have
a mind to seek the grandest theatre for the exercise
of their energies and the display of their genius
ever presented on the face of the green earth.

" Very respectfully,

" Your obedient servants,

"Robert Meebiwetheb,

"H. A. Shaw."

CHAPTER XVI.

(OOISTDEKSED, FROM A LITTIJE WORK ON BRAZIL, BY

WILLIAM SCULLY.)

A TRAVELLER without a guide-book, is like a
ship at sea without a compass ; and must resign
himself to being dragged about in the wake of a
courier who, though perhaps long a resident, may
yet remain perfectly ignorant of the manners and
customs of the people, and of the points of interest
in the country.

A man must carry knowledge with him, if he
desires to bring more home ; but it is a lamentable
fact that many persons leave Brazdl, after a long
residence in it, as ignorant of its grand sights, and
of the laws, institutions, and habits of the people,
as wheL they came ; remaining, as is too often the
case, prejudiced against what they had not even
tried to understand.

One great requidte in a traveller is coolnessi. of

•%

246 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

temper. Contrarieties will arise even in the best
organised countries; and, in Brazil, where espere
umpouco (wait a little), dmart^b^ (to-morrow), and
pacienoia (patience), are words in every one's mouth,
an easy-tempered man makes the best traveller.
Therefore let your motto be " keep cool ; " and if
circumstances absolutely require the fortiter m re^
at least let it be tempered with the sita/oUer in
modo / for the Brazilian is innately courteous, and^
appreciating in a high degree the quality in others,
will yield much more to the politeness and suavity
of the stranger than could be extorted by the men-
aces of the Foreign Office.

Passports are necessary, and may be procured
either from the Brazilian consuls, or from the
authorities of your own country, but we recom-r
mend the latter in every case. The different mem-
bers and the servants of a family can travel with
the one passport if they be included in it. On
arrival, it will be vised at once by the police
officer, and handed back to you on board. On
wishing to leave Brazil you will have to adver-
tise your intention for three preceding days, or
procure some respectable person to become respon-
sible for your debts and liabilities.

Could the intelligent English, Irish, and Scotch
agriculturists, possessed of small capital, be induced

MANNEE3 AND CUSTOMS, ETC.

to scale the confining walla of home-ties and pi"**
possessions, to come here to judge for themselves c
the climate, the resources, and the capabilities o^
this vast and fertile empire, on whicli nature, in the '
collocation and accumulation of its mineral and
agricultural wealth, seems to have smiled benig-
nantly, and to have lavished with a munificent hand
her choicest treasures, we think that few would 1
willing to leave the prospects which it offers to thffl
enterprising and industrious farmer, whether in th«
pursuit of agriculture or of grazing — prospects fai
superior to those offered by Australia, New Ze*
land, or the TTnited States.

It is too much the fashion with foreigners to "
make " odious comparisons " between Brazil and
their own country. They may be peifectly con-
scientious in their belief, but, with the superficial
knowledge they acquire without mi ogling with the
natives, they become discontented, knowing noth-
ing of the real kindness, courtesy, and hospitality
of the people among whom they may be mere^
"birds of passage;" and in their writings and con*
versation the temptation of a well-rounded perio^
or pointed sarcasm, often carries the day againt
their better sense of justice.

To no citizen of any countiy is it becoming
play the Pharisee, for in no country are the institi

248 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEES.

tions and customs beyond improvement, or beyond
criticism and detraction.

The constitution and the laws of Brazil are a
reflex of the English. The Emperor is a highly
educated gentleman, speaking most European laa-
guages ; and aa a monarch, is a pattern to ttose of
Europe. The Empress is a lady, and a Christian,
and she and her illustrious husband are easy of
access alike to rich and poor.

The court and aristocracy of Brazil have learnt
to carry their pride without offence, and there is a
rising class which is rearing imperishable monu-
ments of their zeal and patriotism in the promotion
of just and salutary laws. Religious opinions of
all kinds are respected, and though a Roman
Catholic country, the Government pays Protes-
tant clergymen for the benefit of the German colo-
nists.

The River Plate is a nest of petty republics
constantly at cross purposes, and without any com-
bined plan of material progress ; Monte Vid6o, a
State bankrupt in everything but oppression ; and
the other republics of South America^ smouldering
volcanoes, ready at any moment to vomit forth
anarchy and bloodshed.

Foreigners are welcomed into Brazil, and the
people and Government endeavor by every means

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, ETC. 249

to encourage emigration; and, with the great
facilities aflforded, and the immense field for enter-
prise for industrious agriculturists, it is surprising
that Scotch and Irish emigrants do not seek this
country, where a life of more prosperity and of
greater ease awaits them than can be realised in
the United States, where the foreigner is despised,
and where the frightfiil winter of an arctic clime
exacts from the planting femer excessive labor in
a summer heat that is never experienced even in
the hottest equatorial regions of Brazil.

Brazil, in truth, enjoys the finest, the most equa-
ble, and the healthiest climate that is found in any
country. Her soil yields everything that tropical
and temperate climes produce ; and, if there were
but sufficient labor, she could easily become the
source jfrom which Europe would obtain, not only
her luxuries and her comforts, not only the staples
which feed her manufactures, the dyewoods, the
indigo and the cochineal of her dyers, the drugs,
gums, balsams, and resins of her druggists, but
even the grain and cattle with which she nourishes
her population.

THE IMPERIAL FAMILT.

The present Emperor, Dom Pedro 11.^ ascended
11*

250 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

the tlirone of Brazil while only five years old, his
father, Dom Pedro I., having abdicated in his favor
on April 7, 1831.

The ceremony of his coronation took place on
July^ 18, 1841, and on September 4, 1843, he
espoused the present Empress, Donna Theresa
Christina Maria.

It is not too much to say that it is to the wise
and vigorous administration of the present Emperor
that Brazil owes her present rank among civilised
nations, and the prosperity and tranquillity she has
enjoyed for so many years, in the midst of the con-
tinuous outbreaks against law and order which
have desolated, and ruined the unhappy republics
that surround her. In achieving this great result
the personal character and acquirements of the Em-
peror have been of incalculable service, as display-
ing a high standard of excellence, in manners, edu-
cation, and morality, to which his courtiers and his
people might aspire. Foremost and indefatigable
in every project likely to advance the interests of
his country, morally or materially, he has used the
great powers entrusted to him by the Constitution,
and the still greater acquired through the influence
of his own character and talents, for the benefit of
the people themselves, and not for the aggrandise-
ment of himself or family, and it is no wonder that,

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, ETC. 251

imbibing . his spirit -and stimulated by his example,
the public men of Brazil number among their ranks
some of the most patriotic and large-minded states-
men to be found in the world.

His Majesty is accessible to all ranks of society,
and ready to listen to any tale of distress. His
annuity of 800,000 milreis ($400,000) scarcely ena-
bles him to obey the dictates of his heart in the dis-
tribution of his charity.

Nor in this beautiful characteristic is Her Ma-
jesty the Empress deficient ; the 96,000 milreis she
receives annually is chiefly disbursed, not in the
wasteful extravagance of fashion, but in the allevia-
tion of poverty and sickness, she contenting herseK
in her dress with the elegant simplicity of taste,
without the ornamental jeweUery and expensive
modes of Paris.

The two princesses, one nineteen years, the
other eighteen years old, have been very carefiilly
educated by the most competent professors procur-
able, and under the personal superintendence of the
Emperor, who, whatever his avocations, devoted an
hour each day to their instruction in history and
geography.

The eldest. Donna Isabel, is heiress to the
throne, the Salic law not obtaining in Brazil;
great expectations are entertained from her well-

252 BRAZIL TH£ HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

known amiable disposition and natural talent. Slie
was married on October 15, 1864, to Lonis Gaston
d'Orleans, Compte d'Eu, a grandson of Louis Phil-
lippe, who distinguished himself greatly whUe in
the Spanish service during the last war between
Spain and Morocco.

The younger sister, Donna Leopoldina, married
Augustus, Duke of Saxe Coburg, a member of
the richest and most illustrious family in Ger-
many.

MANKEES AND CUSTOMS.

Among the various classes of which Brazilian
society is composed, the nobility naturally claims
the first attention. As the creation of a Brazilian
aristocracy took place only after the declaration of
independence in 1822, the length of their pedigrees
is not great, and by a very wise and salutary law,
all titles conferred on persons becoming extinct at
their death, so that, in order that their heirs may
obtain the same honors, they must render some
public service which will merit the appreciation of
the Emperor, whose selection is in conformity with
all his public acts. He confers "honor only on
those to whom honor is due." The nobility possess
many amiable qualities. They are temperate, gen-

MANNERS AHD OCSTOMB, ETC.

2531

erous, ctaritable, attached to their sovereign, and I
courteoua to their inferiors in society. Even when I
occupying the offices of Ministers of State, the affor |
ble manner in which they receive both foreigner
and native, contrasts very agreeably with the as-
sumed dignity and inaccessibility of the English
placeman.

This is truly a pleasant characteriatic of Bra- J
zilian officials, from the highest to the lowest ; and |
even the Emperor, at his levees, denies access to J
none, receives petitions, and listens courteously ta I
any requests or communications made to him by I
native or foreigner, usually spealdng the language f
of the latter. At the office of a Minister of
State, the applicant of any degree enters in his
turn, is bowed to a chair, and is received as if he
were conferring a favor rather than seeking one* J
If he is a foreigner, his native tongue is used in^
preference ; his views are listened to and discussed,
and when he takes his leave it is with a feeling
that, even if not adopted, they will, at least, receive
a full consideration.

The ladies, in their out-door life, usually attire i
themselves in the latest Paris fashions, and, on days I
of ceremony and celebrations, don their finest dresses I
and moat brilliant jewelleiy. At home, however, f
they in general ai-e seen in very plain apparel, em- i

254 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

ployed industriously in some small domestic econ-
omy.

Many of the ladies are very attractive in their
appearance and in their manners. Among them
you cannot find the blue-stocking or the strong-
minded lady, for in literary pursuits the Brazilian
ladies are content to be modest.

The Brazilian gentlemen are remarkable for
temperance and frugality, and for natural talent
may compete with any other nation, but so much
cannot be said of their industry. Some yield them-
selves up to the charms of literature and science, but
most of the upper class are content with a monoton-
ous daily round of existence, made up of many naps
during the day, gapes over the balconies in the
afternoon, and a reunion in the evening, with an
occasional visit to the opera.

The Brazilians show much courtesy and kind-
ness to strangers who come among them ; and it is
by no means a rare thing for them to voluntarily
take a great deal of trouble to do them a service.
In their intercourse with one another they are very
sociable, but somewhat ceremonious. Even among
the working-classes and the blacks, two acquain-
tances never meet in the street without an inter-
change of compliments. A negro, doflEmg his hat,
addresses his friend with — " Saheo Deos^^ or " Deos

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, ETC. 255

the de hons dias ; " then follows a full inquiry into
tlie state of Jbis liealtli, and that of his family and
relations; and on parting the compliments are
regularly renewed. It is also the custom among
Brazilians, when speaking to one another, to re-
move their hats, and to remain uncovered until
desired to put them on.

In their receptions, whenever a stranger comes
in, he is immediately saluted by every one present ;
and, if seated, they all rise to pay him respect.
When receiving a visitor, the master of the house
is not too proud to go to the door to meet him,
with the most affable expression of—" Tmha a
hondade d^enl^a/r^ a cdsa e sua^'* and ushers him
into the room, himself following behind. On leav-
ing the room, the order is reversed, and the host
then precedes his guest. The parting ceremony
usuaUy begins at the top of the stairs, and consists
ordinarily of an " Adeos " accompanied with a
bow; the guest then descends a few steps, fol-
lowed by the host ; here take place a few more
complimentary exchanges ; and finally, at the door,
the guest again turns round and salutes his friend,
and a few more bows and polite expressions pass
between them. On meetings, however, of more
than ordinary interest — such as that of long absent
friends — ^their mutual sympathy expresses itself in

256 BRAZIL THE HOMV FOR SOUTHERKEBS.

a warm and hearty embrace ; one lifting the other
fairly off the ground — a welcome rather embarrass-
ing to an Englishman when first subjected to it.
The salutations of ladies among themselves, both
at meeting and parting, are not less ardent and
affectionate ; and are made on all occasions by a
mutual profosion of kisses on both cheeka

HISTORY.

Brazil was first discovered on April 22, 1500,
by Pedro Alvares Cabral, who landing at Porto
Seguro, took possession of the country in the name
of the Portuguese king, Dom Manoel, in the reign
of whose successor, Dom JoSo III., the country was
granted to twelve donatorios for the purpose of
colonisation; they, however, being able to effect
little, the grants finally reverted to the Crown,
either by purchase or resumption. The Indian
population, consisting of one hundred and sixty
tribes, offered great obstacles to the settlement,
and during the absorption of Portugal by Spain,
the Dutch possessed themselves, from 1624 to 1654,
of the sea-coast provinces from the MaranhSo to the
S. Francisco. The immigration of the Portuguese
Court, during the seizure of Portugal by Napoleon,
gave a great impulse to the development of the

AKD 0UBT0M3, ETC.

25«

) Portu-

country, but after the retiUTi of tte Kin;
gal, the dissatisfaction of the Braailiaua at their
connexion with Portugal led, on September 7,1823,
to the proclamation of their independence, and
Dom Pedro I., the son of the King of PoitugaJ,
was declared the fii'st Emperor of Brazil ; he grant-
ing the present Constitution enjoyed by the people.
However, April 1, 1831, this monarch abdicated in
favor of the now reigning Emperor, Dom Pedro II.,
Tinder whom Brazil has settled down into its pres-
ent state of peace and prosperity.

The minercd wealth of Brazil is extraordinarily
great, but remains undeveloped from want of capi-
tal, enterprise, and labor, almost the only receipts
"being from the gold and diamond washings, which,
after yielding two tons of diamonds and eight hun-
di'ed of gold, seem exhausted of their rich stores,
and have been in a great measure abandoned.
Most of the known metals and precious stones
have been found, and iron, the most useful of all,
ie in great abundance throughout. Coal is in a
degree deficient, for though immense deposits of
lignite and valuable bituminous earth exist in the
central provinces, true coal has been found only in
those at the extreme south.

258 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEHNEBS.

EMIGRATION.

The attention of emigrants has not hitherto been
directed to Brazil, although this country possesses
many advantages over others to which a continuous
stream of emigration is pouring.

In the main, the chief reason for this is, un-
doubtedly, the want of precise knowledge of the
coimtry, as the books hitherto published have been
devoted more especially to those striking character-
istics in the geology, vegetation, animal life, and
peculiarities of the country generally, which were of
a nature to interest and amuse the reading public,
but which served little purpose towards affording
the emigrcmt the proGtical information which he
needs.

Another reason is, the most erroneous, idea which
prevails respecting the Brazilian climate — ^that it is
unhealthy. Far from this ; it can rank with the
healthiest and most enjoyable climates of the world.

Brazil contains about 1,900,000,000 acres of land,
upon which is a population of about 9,000,000
This, however, is not equally distributed.

In the whole of the immense valley of the Ama-
zonas in the north, comprising one-third of the
whole extent of Brazil_, there is a population of
only 100,000. In the interior a similar dispropor-

MANNERS AND CXJSTOMS, ETC. 259

tion exists, and nine-tentlis of the free population,
and almost all tlie slaves, are gathered into the
strip of low land along the sea-coast where sugar,
cotton, and tobacco are cultivated, and particularly
into the province of Eio de Janeiro and the other
coffee-growing districts around it, the remainder of
the country being abandoned to solitude, to the
working of such gold washings as still repay the
rude processes used, and to the rearing of cattle
and horses.

The level valley of the Amazon, and the low
land along the coast, constitute the hot region of
Brazil.

South of the valley of the Amazon and east of
the low land of the coast, is a vast elevated region
buttressed up as it were on hills and mountains.

This high land rises somewhat rapidly in the
north ; towards the east lifts itself abruptly out of
the low land ; in the middle attains its greatest ele-
vation among the mountains of Minas Geraes, which
turn into great plains and low swells as they recede
westward into Goyaz and Matto Grosso ; and in the
south falls, and approaches nearer to the sea until
the high land and the mountains on the sea-coast
die away into the low mountains, hiUs, and plains
of the province of Kio Grande do SuL

Two important effects result from this elevation

260 BRAZIL THS HOME FOB 80UTHEBNEBS.

of the interior^ of whicli the first is that, though
many large navigable rivers enter this high land,
falls occur wh^re their descent is made into the low
land, which prevent continuous navigation from and
to the sea, and thus it is only in the south-western
part of Matto Grosso and in the southern province
of Eio Grande do Sul (otherwise S. Pedro do Sul)
that a free interior communication with the sea
exists — with Matto Grosso by the Paraguay through
the Parand, and with Eio Grande do Sul by the
Uruguay, this and the Parana joining near Buenos
Ayres to form the river Plate.

The other effect is, that the elevation of the land
added to the direction of the wind diminishes the
temperature so much as to render even the most
northern part moderate in its heat, while in the
southern half slight frosts occur in winter, and the
climate is moderate and pleasant.

The climate, therefore, of aU this vast region fits
it for the residence of Europeans, and all the crops
usually cultivated in Europe may be grown on it,
including tobacco, cotton, Indian com (maize) and
wheat, besides tea, mandioca, coffee in the warmer
parts, and a host of other tropical plants, while it
is likewise well suited to the rearing of cattle,
horses, mules, goats, and sheep.

In the northern haL^ however, the seasons are

MANNBBB ASH 0P8TOM8, BTO. 261^

too regnlarly divided into the wet and dry, and
great droughts are so common and injui'ious as to
unfit a lai'ge proportion of it for an agricultiiral
region without resort to irrigation ; and, as in Bue-
noa Ayres, at times the cattle even die from want
of water in localities.

In the southern half the seasons are not inju-
riously regular, and raina fall more or less through-
out the year ; this region, therefore, ia well fitted in
all respects for both agriculture and grazing.

The great valley of the Amazon (including the
provinces of Pai'd, and Amazonas) is suitable to the
cultivator of sugar, tobacco, cotton, cocoa, and a
thousand other natives of warm countries; and
from this valley comes the gum-elastic and a great
deal of the aarsaparilla of commerce. Cattle also
can be raised, but not sheep, as the climate is too
damp and warm for these last.

Along the sea-coast low land the cultivated
products are similar, and coffee is raised upon its
cooler aud drier slopes. The same remarks apply
respecting aheep, and both regions are covered with
timber, unless where it has been cleared for the cul-
tivation of the land.

On the northern half of the interior, highland
eheep and cattle thrive, and must be the main de-
pendence, particularly sheep, which require less

■nnir

I
i

262 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB 80UTHSBNEBS.

water comparatively than cattle. In the southern
half lies, therefore, the best field for such emigrants
as do not purpose to cultivate sugar-cane and peren-
nial tropical plants. In this interior country, and
particularly in the province of Rio Grande do Sul,
the mountains and the banks of streams are tim-
bered, but plains form a feature and afford excellent
pasture and agricultural land, similar to the prairies
of the United States, and the River Plata

The great drawback in Brazil is the scarcity of
roads for vehicles, and, indeed, of good roads of any
kind. This want was not so much felt, as the lands
in cultivation lie usually at no great distance from
the sea, but the disadvantages arising from their
absence have been so strongly impressed upon the
Government and people in the present war, by the
diflSiculties encountered in forwarding troops and
supplies overland, that we believe a great change is
commencing in this respect, and that many good
roads will be established between all the main
points at least, thus opening up vast tracts of splen-
did coimtry to settlements ; stilly our advice would
be to wool-raisers, not to withdraw far from roads,
and to agriculturists, to settle only in their vicinity,
since ready access to a market is the greatest advan-
tage they can have, particularly in a country where
transport of produce is high.

MAKNEB8 AHD 0TJ8TOMS, ETO,

26i

Besides the rivei's, there are five railways which 1
go towarda the inteiior. The iiorthenunoat, belong- [
ing chiefly to an English company, starts from the '
port of Pemambuco, and runs for miles through a
sugar and cotton raising country. The next, also
in most part belonging to an English company, mns
from the port of Bahia, through a country where
sugar, cotton, and tobacco &re the main productiona
The third, originating at the port of Rio de Janeiro,
the capital of the empire, opens out a fine cofiee J
region, but has only a portion yet finished. The |
fourth starts from the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro,
and, in connection with the splendid carriage road J
made by the Uniao and Industria Company, develops t
an escellent coffee and agiicultural district, and forma I
commimication with the interior pastoral and agri-
cultural province of Minas Geraes, whence is derived
a lai^e proportion of the food and exports of the
capital. The fifth will be completed this year, and ■
runs from the port of Santos in the province of I
S, Paulo, on to the high interior plains of that prov-
ince, and will open out a lai-ge extent of coffee, agri- 1
cultural and pastoral countiy. Another railway, i
projected by an English company, wUl start from I
the point of Rio Grande do Sul, and traverse per- 1
haps the finest part of that splendid province to the I
vast coal-beds on the Candiota branch of the rivec I

264 BRAZIL THB HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

JagtinarSo. The Government is pushing on tlie
oonstraction of a road bringing the interior of the
province of Farand in ready communication with its
seaports. .

The great tide of emigration to the Americas
has been to the United States in North America
and Buenos Ayres in South America, yet Brazil
possesses inherent advantages over both, especially
for emigrants with enterprise and some capital.

As compared with the northern United States,
the climate is incomparably more genial, and there-
fore life is easier both to the agriculturist and the
grazier. In the one, frosts are rare and slight, pas-
ture continues in the winter, and thus the labor of
the farmer may be spread, as in England, over the
whole year, and the grazier need not hoard by vast
supplies of winter provender for his stock. In the
other the soil is frost-bound for five to seven months^
during which the plow is useless and the farmer's
labor is crowded into six months of sweltering
weather ; the pasture is killed or covered up with
snow, and the wintering of their animals dissipates
the stores which the farmer gathered with so much
toil and cost, and which, to feed out, required so
much additional cost and labor.

In Brazil less expense is necessary in houses^
clothes, bed-dothes, firing, shelter for cattle, Ac.

MAHHEBS AHD OCBTOHB, EFO.

Coffee, sugar, and beef, ai'e very cheap ; food
more easily grown, the preservation of vegetables
is not endangered and made difficult by intense
fi-osts, and not only can all that ia grown in the
United States be raised in Brazil, but the mUdnesB
of the winter allows of the cultivation of many
valuable tropical plants, and gives gi-eat advantages
in the cultivation of such commercial stapl^es as cot-
ton, coffee, and tobacco.

Other advantages esist in the small cost at.
which the emigrant can obtain his working beasta,-
horees and cattle being worth only from £l to £2.
(five to ten dollars).

It ia a knowledge of the advantages which a
mild climate offers to a settler which has of late
years di-awn a rapidly increasing emigration to the
great treeless plains of Buenos Ayres, where stone,,
and wood for fencing and firing are almost iin-
inown, and which makes the settlers content t(
bum thistles for cooking purposes and brick-mak'i
ing, and endure the chillineas of winter without a
fira Brazil, however, in the great expanse of coun-
try which we have indicated as the best field for
emigration, possesses the advantages of a still moi
genial climate than Buenos Ayres, and is withoi
its disadvantages ; for stone is abundant, and timbi
sufficient for house and farming purposes is foi

266 BRAZIL the; home for southerners.

upon the streams ; and this Brazilian region is free
from those periodic storms of wind and sleet which
cause so much damage and loss to graziers, and also
fi^^m the excessive droughts which render Buenos
Ayres unfit for agriculture, and at times destroy cat-
tle by thousands.

The Government of Brazil has been for a long
time most desirous of drawing emigration to this
country, and some years ago imdertook to do this
by the establishment of assisted colonies, and by
encouragement and aid given to the provinces, and
to companies and individuals to establish others.
The colonies, however, have not been so successful
as the sacrifices made by the Government should
have warranted ; for though some have done mod-
erately well, others have stood still, and several
have decayed.

Several influences and circumstances have ope-
rated towards this result. One is, that a large pro-
portion of the emigrants introduced consisted of the
floating scum of Continental Europe, penniless and
worthless. They were located on heavy timber
land, where the ground had to be cleared before
any crops could be sown. The crops cultivated
were such as required to be manufactured in some
degree before being ready for market, and therefore
required a certain amount of capital and skill, which

habhi:hs ahd oustomb, etc.

the poor class of emigrants could not supply ; the J
want of roads discouraging the growth of the more \
bulky crops for sale ; the absence of a ready sale at
home for the articles produced, owing to the want 1
of capital and enterprise, and the diminutive quan-
tity of production ; the excessive rates of transport
and freight to the place qf export, that too gi-eatly
reduced the value of the products at the farm. Add
to these, the inexperience, incapacity, or miaman^e- ■
ment on the part of the directors of the colonies, I
and, in the case of the private colonies, too often a j
want of due regard to the requirements and inter (
esta of the colonists, who were made subjects of I
speculation by the owners or their managers, and it f
cannot be a matter of surprise that so few of the ■
colonies have succeeded, even to a moderate extent.

In our opinion, the greatest error was in locating
such emigrants in a timbered country, for timber
land means bad roads and wearying, excessive labor; 1
and the mere clearing of a few acres for a crop bur- 1
dened the colonist with an amount of debt which, 1
in an open country, would have supplied him with 1
the implements and stock necessary to a suocessfiil I
start.

It must be home in mind that where the condi- 1
tion of the roads, or where the distance from the!
seaport makes transport costly or difficult, only*

268 BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

suet articles as are valuable in proportion to tteir
weight and bulk are profitable to the fanner, and
therefore wool-raising is best fitted to the circum-
stances of an interior settlement. But while he
might depend upon his wool for his main income,
the settler ought not to follow the lazy practice of
the Buenos Ayrean, and even of the Brazilian gra-
ziers, who live on beef or mutton, guiltless of any
variation of their meat with such things as bread,
vegetables, milk and butter, purely firom too great
indolence to cultivate a plot of ground, or milk a
cow, among the hundreds they may have around
them.

Foreigners arriving in this country without a
passport are allowed to land unless suspected of
being malefactors. A certificate firom their respect-
ive legation or consulate will stand substitute for
that docmnent in case of need.

Those who are provided with passports can
reside wherever they please, and travel all over the
empire by obtaining a " visto " on it, which is grant-
ed gratis by the police authority, when passing from
one to another province.

Foreigners going abroad are bound, like the
Brazilians themselves, to advertise for three succes-
sive days their intended departure, in the interest
of their creditors.

MANNERS A1I4D CTTSTOSK, ETC.

The expense of a passpoi-t to go abroad amotmtB
to about 12-s. (three dollai-a).

A foreigner residing in the empire for two years,!
having an eatabliehment, or known to be of good
conduct, or if married to a Brazilian woman, can
travel fi-eely in the interior of the country, '
provided with a certificate from the police authoi^
ity proving any one of the said circumstances.

The residence in this country is not c
upon any permit from a public authority.

Foreigners are only bound, like all BrazUiani
by municipal law, and, for statistical purposes, 1
produce a list of the persons composing their fami^
lies, on the occasion of occupying a house. Evi
this formality is seldom practised.

Foreigners enjoy all the civil rights of Bra-
zilians ; they can acquire and possess all sorts of
property, and dispose of it in every way ; exercise
aU branches of trade, commerce, and industi
wholesale and retail. All employments not conS
sidered public ones are accessible to them. Brolb
ers, auctioneers, and dispatchers in the custom
houses are considered public employments, beingl
in the gift of Government. Yet foreigners are al-
lowed to clear goods at custom-houses, when their
own or consigned to them.

Naturalized Brazilians enjoy all the

270 BRAZDj THS HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

natives^ except that they cannot become Deputies
or Ministers of State. AH other public employ-
ments and situations are open to them.

Two years' lesidence and good conduct are the
only conditions required by law for the naturaliza-
tion of foreigners ; but the Parliament is daily dis-
pensing with the former condition in all appUcations
from acceptable individuala

Colonists arriving in this country enjoy special
facilities for their settlement. An agency office for
colonization was established here last year, where
all information upon lands to be sold, and other
particulars, can be easily obtained.

A steady monarchical representative govern-
ment, now forty-two years old, guaranteeing indi-
vidual liberty by an Habeas Corpus law exactly
such as exists in England ; general religious tolerar
tion ; unfettered liberty of the press ; trial by jury ;
free right of association and petition ; no hereditary
aristocracy or titles ; no distinction of castes ; per-
fect equality before the law; are the principal
political features of the Brazilian nation.

Ships bringing emigrants enjoy certain advan-
tages ; and the extended commerce vnth the great
seaports of Europe and the United States enable
the emigrants to reach Rio de Janeiro with facility
from London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton,

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS, ETC, 271

Newcastle, Newport, Cardiff, Swansea, Sunderland,
etc., in tlie United Kingdom ; Bremen, Hamburg,
Havre, Bordeaux, Marseilles, and the chief ports of
the continent of Europe both in the north and
south. From the United States a brisk intercourse
is maintained through New York and Baltimore,
Boston, Philadelphia, and probably soon again from
New Orleans and other Southern ports. At Rio
de Janeiro is a Government lodging-house for emi-
grants, where board ia supplied at moderate rates.
An of&eer is deputed to go on board each vessel
and furnish information to the emigrants ; and at
the lodging-house, and the office of the Official
Agent any required elucidation can likewise be
obtained. Luggage, and agricultural implement^
can be imported free of duty.

In the province of Parana the Government holds,
a very large quantity of land. In the district of
Assunguy, Avhere is the Government colony of
Assunguy, there are three towDships surveyed,
platted and laid off in sections and colonial lots.
These are settling up, and therefore five other contigu-
• ous townships have been surveyed and are ready
for Bubdivisiou. Nest to these, in the direction o(
the province of S. Paulo, and towards Cananea an
Iguape, two important ports of 9. Paulo, there ia
great extent of Government timber land and pn

I
I

272 BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

well adapted for a great immigration. All tliis im-
mense region communicates on one side witli the
city of Ooritiba, the capital of Parand^ and thence
by the Graciosa road with the ports of Antonina
and Paranagud, situated on the Bay of Paranagua,
and a road could be run direct to the latter port ;
on the other side are the village of Castro and other
important ones of the interior, whence come the
supplies of cattle ; and on another side with the
province of S. Paulo, running down to the coast
of Canane4 and to the Ribeira de Iguape, whose
waters take their rise in the districts of Assunguy,

COMMERCE OF BRAZIL.

THE FOLLOWING TABLES SHOW THE GROWTH OF THE
COMMERCE OF THE EMPIRE IN TEN TEARS. — ^THIS,
IT WILL BE SEEN, IS VERY SATISFACTORY.

BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Imperial Exports for 1862-63 comjpared with '53-'5^

DttTIXATIOH.

Total, 1868-'64.

Total, 1862-'68.

British Possessions

English Channel

French Possessions.

Portuguese Possessions. . .
United States

$12,451,715

3,056,673

1,671,043

11,892,750

1,632,937

393,460

1,012,601

683,969

3,178,463

323,039

840,837

56,546

339,928

1,355,044

58,121

....

51,475

424,245

$23,123,764

7,992,862

7,723,261

3,851,413

7,629,058

2,576,144

480,526

513,189

521,877

2,525,385

1,182,073

1,173,786

295,778

285,609

187,197

183,834

350,869

67,900

34,965

58,925

220,931

261,197

River Plate

Chile

Denmark

Belgium . ... j ......... .

Hanse Towns

Spain

Sweden

Russia

Sardinia

Austria

Turkey

Mediterranean

Mexico

For consumption

Holland

Africa^

Ports not specified

Total

$38,421,246

161,239,975

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

and shomng the Imports at each Port in 1862-63.

Rio de Janeibo.

Bahul.

PiBNAMBCCO.

$4,597,101

15,073,943

$2,006,998

6,090,911

• • • •

627,326

6,166,760

487,411

493,307

867,483

732,436

931,872

4,848,019

235,679

638,699

805,964

241,848

754,536

42,590

• • • .

225,633

456,367

• • • •

• . • .

.472,749

• . • •

«...

704,888

1,592,135

«...

110,227

91,855

518,559

956,756

180,865

36,114

295,779

• • . .

. • . •

169,628

99,153

. . . •

187,198

• • . a

• . • .

183,334

. • . .

• • . •

850,869

. • • •

a • a .

67,900

....

31,332

....

2,845

a • • •

58,422

104

* • • •

• • • .

220,932

....

* . . •

• . . •

126,405,304

$9,046,679

$6,285,888

BRAZIL THE HOME FOB 80UTHERNEBS.

Ihpebial Expobts for 1862-'63 eomfpared with '53-'54^

Destination.

Mabanuao.

PakA.

British Possessions

Snfflish Channel

$1,568,128

103,317
565,925
104,715

* . • •
t • • .
. . • •
• . • •

'23,915

• • • .
• . • •
• . . •

• • . •
....
• . • •
....

• • • •

• • • .

• • . •

• • • •

1964,857

662^825
288,316
816,589

• • • •

• • . •

37,070

• • . •

• • • •

16,878

. • • .

• • • •

• • . .

• • • •

. ■ • .

399

• • . •
....

French Possessions

Portugese Possessions. . .
United States.

River Plate

Chile

Denmark.

Belfirium

Hanse Towns

SpaiiL

Sweden

Kussia

Sardinia

Austria

Turkey

Mediterranean

Mexico

For consumption

Holland ,

Africa

Ports not specified

Total

$2,861,000

$2,786,934

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

and showing the Imports <xt each Port in 1862-'63 (cont.)

Rio Gbamde do Sul.

B. Joss DO NOBTE.

POKTO AlMHUL

XTbuoitataka.

$690,947

$860,483

$870

• • • •

216,979

225,129

583,144

97,595

'39,942

10,028

1,939

4,805

• • • •

101,748

• • • •

$84,898

•

• •

>4,i

)73
)33

• •••• •••

• • • •

•

• • • •

$2,016,599

$917,197

$102,618

$84,398

BRAZIL THE HOME FOB 80UTHEBNEBS.

Imperial Expobts for 1862-'63 compared with '53-'54,

DlSHNATION.

Santos.

PAfLANAGUA.

British Possessions

EDglish Channel

French Possessions.

Portoguese Possessions. . .
United States

13,239,343

181,927
153,348
312,276

• • • .

• • • •

• • . .

190,332
128,472

788
• . . .

$338,511
198,434

River Plate

OhUe

Denmark.

Belirinm

Hanse Towns

Spain

For consumption

Ports not specified

Total

$4,206,486

1536,945

Destination.

At.aooas.

Sbrgipe.

British Possessions

English Channel

French Possessions

Portuguese Possessions. . .
River Plate ;

$2,079,360
237,717

«...

17,704
19,758

28,192

• . . .

433,944

59,i69

3,254

56,822

«...
....

Denmark.

Spain

Ports not specified

12,382,731

$553,189

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

and shomng the Imports at each Port in 1862-63 (cont.)

Antonina.

Pabahiba.

CbarX.

Sasti. Cathaema.

• • • •

$1,324,445
257,315
158,679

1622,190
345,648
172,999

$1,404

• • • •

$78,422
13,969

82,572

• • • •

5,423
45,303

• • • •

126,956

• • • •

* "l,i29

■ • • •

• • • •
1,554

• • • •

192,391

$1,948,967

11,141,966

$53,684

EspnuTO Sakto.

Rio Grande do

NOBTE.

PUCHT.

Hato Gbosso.

$26,264

• • • •

$72,432

• • • •

•

• • • •

39lil8

• • • •

1 236,304

• • • •

• • • •
$24,894

$26,264

1236,304

$111,550

$24,894

BRAZIL THS HOME lOB SOTTTHERNEBS.

Impebial Exports to

Wbxsoe Ezfobxid.

185'/-'58.

1868-'69.

Rio de Janeiro

$22,210,804

6,709,806

7,129,634

1,885,318

1,774,816

1,647,846

584,511

28,833

147,523

1,639,388

949,009

46,481

1,569,867

570,548

63,836

1,060,601

357,581

187,451
86,526
23,864

$329

25,987,298

7,732,792

7,002,983

1,227,052

1,958,689

2,077,400

617,600

43,865

1,866,579

537,081

30,809

1,448,988

645,976

60,175

1,124,394

464,588

211,053

65,113

118,750

Bahia , ,

Pernambuco

MaranhSo

Par&....

Kio Orande do Sal

S. Joee do Norte

Porto Alegre

UruimaYana.

Santos.

Paranaini4

Antonina ,

Parahjba

Cear4 ;

Santa Oatharina

Alagoas

Seriripe

Espirito Santo

Rio Grande do Norte ....
Piauhy

Mato Grosso

Total

♦48,123,731

$53,421,590

ITS PRESENT OONDITION.

Foreign Countries.

1869-'60.

1860-'61.

1861-'62.

1862-'6S.

$28,796,319

$39,541,898

$28,922,506

$26,405,353

5,411,472

4,211,493

8,395,550

9,014,683

5,652,909

3,722,267

6,169,929

6,235,892

1,255,606

1,024,742

1,378,956

2,361,001

2,956,430

2,670,652

2,302,406

2,786,884

2,440,436

2,447,245

2,171,338

2,016,585

1,205,034

1,097,605

1,235,998

917,199

47,262

105,103

145,887

102,619

207,749

141,488

208,626

84,398

3,816,805

3,243,013

4,279,684

4,206,486

883,190

562,017

2,428,343

536,944

31,903

39,474

59,226

92,392

1,677,651

1,015,380

1,484,870

1,948,967

678,286

621,492

1,016,062

1,141,968

101,207

71,187

41,519

53,684

803,032

658,984

1,505,727

2,382,730

239,749

111,003

394,344

553,190

• • • •

26,264

339,066

164,037

97,604

236,304

65,719

99,447

100,919

111,556

18,172

31,056

25,811

24,893

$56,478,986

$61,585,581

$60,359,976

$61,239,998

BBAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

IicpEBiAL Exports to

Abticlis Expobtbd.

186»-'68.

1868-*69.

SDirits

$659,181

8,327,660

4,196,980

7,155,925

170,563

827,908

. 21,751,426

2,092,794

1,462,687

1,154,250

1,187,153

621,680

263,524

1,152,033

851,791

1,748,174

$460,721

2,812,048

8,952,541

9,880,890

206,966

660,059

25,069,126

1,978,717

1,622,021

1,524,987

1,523,318

942,261

307,497

874,667

420,232

1,185,551

Cotton

Sasrar (white^

Sasrar (brown)

Hair.

Cocoa

Coffee

Hides (salt)

Hides (dry) ,

Diamonds

Tobacco

Gum Elastic

Hose W ood •

Slate

Gold (in dust and bar) . . .
Other articles.

Total

$48,123,731

$53,421,590

ITS PRESENT CONDITION*

Foreign Countries— continued.

1859-'60.

1860-»61.

1861-'62.

1862-»68.

1285,243
3,216,286
2,024,504
5,836,125

182,298

728,138
30,119,218
3,326,935
1,671,061
1,566,000
2,011,227
1,709,519

482,216
1,057,521

701,016
1,061,672

$330,272
2,341,070

I 5,527,839

188,148

840,539

39,831,776

I 4,545,167

- 1,886,150

1,191,283

1,455,266

326,845

836,572

814,645

1,470,007

1429,185

3,893,076

3,699,815

7,968,084

172,506

721,029

29,373,496

2,926,376

1,416,885

2,120,624

2,439,309

1,219,179

463,918

702,188

1,060,699

1,753,699

1409,615

8,408,904

3,503,200

6,137,313

159,466

789,468

28,287,467

2,417,922

1,207,922

2,058,087

3,101,005

1,637,956

391,028

757,390

388,810

1,585,065

$112,957,972

1123,171,163

$60,359,971

161,239,998

BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHERNERS.

Table of Chief Articles of ImportcUion.

Abtioles.

l8t Period,

1862-'63 and

1866-'5Y.

2d Period,

ISSY-'SS and

1861-»62.

1862-'68.

Average Value.

Oils.

$307,811

1,169,907

369,568

389,458

760,022

678,930

441,325

501,619

2,304,071

1,986,327

314,601

878,676
113,095
750,977

4,693,188
2,720,358
1,289,332
1,218,240
2,011,492

3,690,043

1,156,024
216,965
387,678

1,653.429

1602,576

1,662,224

810,218

753,635

2,414,685

1,220,241

430,867

761,204

4,259,818

3,094,006

651,849

909,181

360,956

1,043,588

1,641,609
2,914,139
1,388,140
1,587,824
1,406,686

2,390,202

2,005,744
272,217
513,054

2,141,969

$463,366

Fish

744,766

Spirits.. . .^

Shoes and boots. . .
Meat

728,736

617,558

2,748,734

Coal

1,038,171

Leather

487,533

Druffs

499,805

Wheat flour

Iron goods

Iron

2,461,313

2,603,943

725,364

Earthenware and
irlass

940,875

Machinery

Butter

425,464
1,103,163

Manufactures —

Cotton

Wool

11,913,703
1,983,529

Linen

1,086,199

Silk

1,093,859

Mixed

1,243,031

Gold and silver
money

Gold and silver
work

4,194,444
1,149,371

Powder

300,797

Salt

5a4,038

Wines

2,354,369

ITS PRB8BNT CONDITIOM,
Table of Chief Articles of Exportation.

1st Period.

IBGS-'SS uid

186«-'67,

2d Period.
1857-'a8 and
- I861-'6a.

Average Valne.

Spirits

Cotton

Sugar

Hiur.

Cocoa

Ooffee..

Hidei (salt)-.
Hides (drjr). ,
Diamonds . . .

Tobaoco

Onm Elafitio.

Mats

Gold in dost or
bar

$471,944

2,730,836

9,602,268

207,823

379,236

21,995,310

1,596,253

$432,921

3,118,028

10,048,541

184,095

755,535

29,229,018

4,208,529
1,650,401
1,670,458
1,189,561
924,596

$409,616

8,408,904

9,640,514

159,466

789,468

28,287,467

( 2,417,294

7 1,207,423

2,058,088

3,101,005

1,637,956

757,891

388,812

Quantities of Abticles Ezfobted.

SpiritB

gaL 2,876,340

2,189,807

2,995,186

Cotton

lb.. 31,233,184

24,423,904

84,740,096

SugM

" 270,411,968

260,687,360

323,895,008

" 1,526,08C

1,299 048

1,202.144
10,020,864

Co™

" 73,238,184

8,332,736

Cof..

'■ 860,496,928

356,246,728

279,172,544

BideB(aalt)...

602,796

584,152

675,562

Bide. drj). . .

" 13,235,620

11,379,296

12,294,656

o«. 1,623

1,213

1,666

Tobacco

lbs. 18,258,176

16,817,088

36,494,944

Gam Elastic. .

4,678,080

4,626,472

6,672,416

Mat;

" 13,982,272

16,614,176

19,366,728

Gold in dust or

6,299

46,234

24,799

BRAZIL THE HOME FOB SOUTHEBNEBS.

IicpEBiAL Impobts frow, Foreign CountrieSj

From

ToTAT^ 1868-'54.

Total, 1862-'63.

British Possessions

Hanse Towns ...........

$23,249,739

2,596,156
892,978

2,856,374
328,562

2,237,023
344,108
363,257
131,067
122,549

4,977,549
337,396

4,026,741
30,041

j. 415,887

$25,382,849

268,966

504,055

2,983,068

293,786

3,275,288

453,701

927,275

34,055

58,337

9,191,287

396,864

352,206

65,601

1,078

j 146,183

I 112,097

BeUrium ,

Portuguese Possessions. . .

Sardinian States

River Plate

Imperial Ports

Spain

Denmark

Sweden ,

French Possessions

Austria

United States

Holland

Fishery

African Ports not specified
Other Ports not specified.

Total

•42,919,376

$49,536,356

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

nving the Import at each Port in 1862-'63.

10 DB JTaMEIBO.

Bahia.

PSRNAMBUCO.

12,835,086

$4,307,216

♦4,155,188

827,386

682,548

293,181

236,183

58,505

52,627

1,097,581

615,479

438,002

184,286

63,982

18,657

1,982,071

640,508

304,339

36,490

268,457

49.639

370,819

144,223

114,871

12,392

2,817

• • • •

43,193

6,275

1,444,388

538,584

1,448,192

76,328

195,357

95,359

567,298

1,089,056

137,988

20,016

• • • •

45,589

• • ■ •

• • • •

1*6,188

• ■ • •

• • • •

• • • *

24,810,802

$8,568,771

17,534,539

BRAZIL THB HOME FOB SOUTHEENEBS.

Imperial iMPORTS/rom Foreign Countries, shoioing

From

Mabanuao.

Para.

British Possessions

Hanse Towns

$1,053,323

14,902

15,386

179,069

• • • •
....

4,179
26,941

• • . .

361,279

8,592

188,576

• . . •

....
• . * •

• • * •

$1,075,794

74,093

24,811

867,428

• • • •
.• • • .

2,557

22,877

4,824

225,561

5,617

431,591

• • • .

• • • •

Belgium

Portuguese Possessions . . .
Sardinian States

River Plate

Imperial Ports

Spain

Denmark

Sweden

French Possessions

Austria

United States.

Holland

Fishery

African Ports not spepified
Other Ports not specified..

Total

$1,802,201

$2,235,158

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

the Import at each Port in 1862-63 — continued.

Rio Grande do Sul,

Porto Alrgre.

Uruguayana.

Santos.

$507,301

$20,492

• • • •

731,646

364,463

293,648

• • • •

120,012

97,877

12,943

• • • ■

3,566

191,724

13,399

• • • •

75,747

11,941

9,394

> « • •

5,521

10,643

6,647

$67,554

602

16,301

6,416

• • • •

28,056

222,281
« • • •

• • • 1

• • • «

• • • •

14,214

■ • • •

233',515

• • • 1

• • •

• • • •

• • • ■

24,049

12,138

• • • 1

, .

■ • • •

• • • •

161,073

• • • •

• • • 1

• • • (

• • • <

• • •

• • • 1

• • • •
■ • • •

• • • •

■ • a •

6,634

• • • •
. • • •

• • • ■

. • • •

$1,862,761

$361,934

$67,564

$1,009,767

BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Imperial Imports from Foreign CouvtrieSj showing

From

Paranaoua.

Aktonina..

British Possessions

Hanse Towns

• • • •

$135,801

15,838

• • • •

* * ' 20

• • • •

$504=*

• . . .
. . • •
....

. • • .

a * • •

• . . •
....

Belgium

Biver Plate

Imperial Ports

Spain

Denmark

French Possessions

Austria

Fishery

Other Ports not specified.

Total

$151,689

$504

From

A1.A00AS.

Sergipe.

British Possessions

Portuguese Possessions . . .
ImDerial Ports

$44,162

264

7,242

«...
....
....

202

. • • •

$12,209
4,098
4,376
215
5,621
3,369

• • • •

Spain

Denmark

Sweden

French Possessions

Other Ports not specified .

$51,870

$29,888

.ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

the Import at each Port in 1862-'63 — continued.

Parahiba.

Ceara.

Santa Catharina.

$24,576

• • • ■

• « • •

• • • •

837
, 5,740

• • • •

•

• • • •

$500,742
60,956

• • • •

6,857

....

8,849
67,486
2,672
....
....

$7,077

53,478

8,174

76,197

4,819

....

• • • •
. • . .
. . • .
1,078

• • . •

$31,143

$647,562

$145,824

EspiRiTO Santo.

....
$l*,976

• • • ■

• • • •

Rio Grande do
Norte.

Piauhy.

Mato Grosso.

• • • •

$221
1,641

$106,627
• • . •
15

• • . •

• • • .

• • . .

218

• . • •

$111,896

$1,476

$1,862

$106,860

$111,896

BRAZIL THE HOME FOR SOUTHERNERS.

Imports from

Oils

Fish

Spirits

Boots & Shoes. . .

Meat

Coal

Hats

Leather

Drugs

Wheat flour

Iron goods

Iron

Earthenware and

glass

Machinery

]3utter

Manufactures : ^

Cotton

Wool

Linen

Silk

Mixed

Coin

Gold and silver

work

Paper

Powder

Clothing

Salt

Wines

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Full text of "Brazil, the home for southerners: or, A practical account of what the author, and others, who visited that country, for the same objects, saw and did while in that empire"

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